3.1.4. Summary

Significant progress in utilizing Hep-based nanoparticles as novel venues or in combination with existing therapies, such as chemotherapy or photodynamic therapy [131,138,141], has been achieved. Indeed, many recent studies have proven that Hep-based nano-scaled systems have great potential as drug carriers, the ability for specific delivery to cancer tissues, and excellent biocompatibility [122].

However, even though significant achievements have been obtained in the synthesis of Hep-based nanoparticles, no such nanomaterials have made their way to clinical trials. A hurdle to clinical transition is the anticoagulant properties ofHep, which can lead to bleeding complications. Chemically modifying Hep can attenuate its anticoagulant activities; however, the mechanisms of its anticancer and anticoagulant abilities are not fully understood, and a more profound comprehension of the interplay between structure and activity is needed [142]. Furthermore, one has to respond to difficulties in controlling Hep's quality due to its poly component and holistic pharmacologic characteristics [143]. Indeed, Hep' preparations contaminations have even resulted in patient death [144].
