**5. Conclusions**

In conclusion, in the current review we have provided a focused summary of the latest literature on the potential role of gu<sup>t</sup> dysbiosis in the pathogenesis of IBS and discussed the translation of microbiota-modifying strategies as a novel therapeutic option for this disorder (Figure 1). There is strong growing evidence supporting microbiome-based therapeutic approaches with dietary intervention, probiotics, prebiotics, non-absorbable antibiotics, and FMTs for the treatment of IBS (Table 1). Nonetheless, more knowledge is needed to better address the role of microbiome-based therapeutic interventions in the clinical managemen<sup>t</sup> of IBS. Several future microbiome-based therapeutic options are being explored and investigated, including genetic engineering of bacteria, personalized microbiota manipulation, postbiotics, and bacteriophage therapy.


*J. Clin. Med.* **2020**,

*9*, 685 **Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, A.M. and T.K.; methodology, A.M., F.A.B., M.M., W.S., T.K.; software, A.M., T.K.; validation, A.M., T.K. and M.M.; formal analysis, T.K., F.A.B.; investigation, A.M., T.K.; resources, A.M.; project administration, A.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This study did not receive any specific gran<sup>t</sup> from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this manuscript.
