*Review* **Challenges and Outlines of Steelmaking toward the Year 2030 and Beyond—Indian Perspective**

**Sethu Prasanth Shanmugam <sup>1</sup> , Viswanathan N. Nurni 2,\* , Sambandam Manjini <sup>1</sup> , Sanjay Chandra <sup>2</sup> and Lauri E. K. Holappa <sup>3</sup>**


**Abstract:** In FY-20, India's steel production was 109 MT, and it is the second-largest steel producer on the planet, after China. India's per capita consumption of steel was around 75 kg, which has risen from 59 kg in FY-14. Despite the increase in consumption, it is much lower than the average global consumption of 230 kg. The per capita consumption of steel is one of the strongest indicators of economic development across the nation. Thus, India has an ambitious plan of increasing steel production to around 250 MT and per capita consumption to around 160 kg by the year 2030. Steel manufacturers in India can be classified based on production routes as (a) oxygen route (BF/BOF route) and (b) electric route (electric arc furnace and induction furnace). One of the major issues for manufacturers of both routes is the availability of raw materials such as iron ore, direct reduced iron (DRI), and scrap. To achieve the level of 250 MT, steel manufacturers have to focus on improving the current process and product scenario as well as on research and development activities. The challenge to stop global warming has forced the global steel industry to strongly cut its CO<sup>2</sup> emissions. In the case of India, this target will be extremely difficult by ruling in the production duplication planned by the year 2030. This work focuses on the recent developments of various processes and challenges associated with them. Possibilities and opportunities for improving the current processes such as top gas recycling, increasing pulverized coal injection, and hydrogenation as well as the implementation of new processes such as HIsarna and other CO<sup>2</sup> -lean iron production technologies are discussed. In addition, the eventual transition to hydrogen ironmaking and "green" electricity in smelting are considered. By fast-acting improvements in current facilities and brave investments in new carbon-lean technologies, the CO<sup>2</sup> emissions of the Indian steel industry can peak and turn downward toward carbon-neutral production.

**Keywords:** iron ore; coking coal; DRI; scrap; blue dust; natural gas; energy saving; decarbonization
