**5. Conclusions**

In this review, the position of the steel industry in the global fight against climate warming is discussed. This industrial sector is one of the biggest GHG emitters today and thus has a tremendous task in changing the course toward a low-emitting and carbon neutral industry responding to the challenges defined by the IPCC in 2018. The most essential observations are summarized below:


**Funding:** My warm thanks to K.H. Renlund Foundation for encouragement to continue my research activities including the role as Guest Editor of this Special Issue.

**Acknowledgments:** I would like to thank Aalto University, Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, and Ari Jokilaakso for the opportunity to continue my emeritus career and for the technical support provided. My special gratitude goes out to all my colleagues who joined this effort and for their contributions to this Special Issue. This has been a memorable journey indeed.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The author declares no conflict of interest.
