**John Gleason Cramer 1,\* and Carver Andress Mead <sup>2</sup>**


Received: 17 June 2020; Accepted: 14 August 2020; Published: 18 August 2020

**Abstract:** The Transactional Interpretation of quantum mechanics exploits the intrinsic time-symmetry of wave mechanics to interpret the *ψ* and *ψ*\* wave functions present in all wave mechanics calculations as representing retarded and advanced waves moving in opposite time directions that form a quantum "handshake" or transaction. This handshake is a 4D standing-wave that builds up across space-time to transfer the conserved quantities of energy, momentum, and angular momentum in an interaction. Here, we derive a two-atom quantum formalism describing a transaction. We show that the bi-directional electromagnetic coupling between atoms can be factored into a matched pair of vector potential Green's functions: one retarded and one advanced, and that this combination uniquely enforces the conservation of energy in a transaction. Thus factored, the single-electron wave functions of electromagnetically-coupled atoms can be analyzed using Schrödinger's original wave mechanics. The technique generalizes to any number of electromagnetically coupled single-electron states—no higher-dimensional space is needed. Using this technique, we show a worked example of the transfer of energy from a hydrogen atom in an excited state to a nearby hydrogen atom in its ground state. It is seen that the initial exchange creates a dynamically unstable situation that avalanches to the completed transaction, demonstrating that wave function collapse, considered mysterious in the literature, can be implemented with solutions of Schrödinger's original wave mechanics, coupled by this unique combination of retarded/advanced vector potentials, without the introduction of any additional mechanism or formalism. We also analyze a simplified version of the photon-splitting and Freedman–Clauser three-electron experiments and show that their results can be predicted by this formalism.

**Keywords:** quantum mechanics; transaction; Wheeler–Feynman; transactional interpretation; handshake; advanced; retarded; wave function collapse; collapse mechanism; EPR; HBT; Jaynes; NCT; split photon; Freedman–Clauser; nonlocality; entanglement
