*Review* **Treating Hyperuricemia: The Last Word Hasn't Been Said Yet**

**Elisa Russo 1, Daniela Verzola 1, Giovanna Leoncini 1,2, Francesca Cappadona 1,3, Pasquale Esposito 1,4, Roberto Pontremoli 1,2 and Francesca Viazzi 1,4,\***


**Abstract:** Gout as well as asymptomatic hyperuricemia have been associated with several traditional cardiovascular risk factors and chronic kidney disease. Both in vitro studies and animal models support a role for uric acid mediating both hemodynamic and tissue toxicity leading to glomerular and tubule-interstitial damage, respectively. Nevertheless, two recent well designed and carried out trials failed to show the benefit of allopurinol treatment on kidney outcomes, casting doubts on expectations of renal protection by the use of urate lowering treatment. With the aim of providing possible explanations for the lack of effect of urate lowering treatment on chronic kidney disease progression, we will critically review results from all available randomized controlled trials comparing a urate-lowering agent with placebo or no study medication for at least 12 months and report renal clinical outcomes.

**Keywords:** hyperuricemia; urate lowering treatment; chronic kidney disease
