2.2.3. Family Factors

#### Family Satisfaction

The Family Satisfaction Scale was used to measure how satisfied respondents were with their family members [31]. This scale consists of ten items with a five-point Likert-type scale. For each item, participants were asked to indicate whether they were very dissatisfied, somewhat dissatisfied, generally satisfied, very satisfied, or extremely satisfied. Specific statements include the following: "The degree of closeness between family members", "Your family's ability to cope with stress", "The quality of communication between family members", and "Your family's ability to resolve conflicts." Each item was summed with higher scores indicating greater levels of family satisfaction. The Family Satisfaction Scale items in this study had a Cronbach's alpha of 0.92 (*M* = 38.77; *SD* = 7.50; ranging from 12 to 50).

### Subjective Poverty

Respondents reported levels of subjective poverty by answering "In your circumstances, do you consider your household's economic status to be good or bad?" This question was derived from the Leyden Poverty Line [32]. The response options were as follows: very bad, bad, insufficient, sufficient, good, and very good. In this study, those who answered very bad, bad, or insufficient were regarded as being in poverty, while those who reported sufficient, good, or very good were considered as not being in poverty.
