*4.5. Strategies to Fight off Neuroinflammation in Neurodegenerative Diseases*

With progressive understanding of the pathophysiology of neurogenerative diseases, the role of neuroinflammation in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases is highly acknowledged. Most of the pathologies of CNS are characterized by an early activation of microglial cells, which further initiate an early acute reparative phase via the effective removal of threatening compounds and toxic agents. However, this response mostly fails to completely remove all the threats and results in a vicious cycle of unresolved cytotoxic inflammation [116]. This has led to the development of therapies that target arresting such vicious cycles by resolving immune responses and recruiting systemic monocyte-derived macrophages. Below are some of the ways that can aid in fighting neuroinflammation and prevent neurodegenerative diseases [117]. The recruitment of CNS-specific T-cells, myeloid cells, microglial cells, and CNS-infiltrating monocyte-derived macrophages can be used in neuroprotection and to prevent neuroinflammation. Circulating myeloid cells possess neuroprotective effects and support CNS during conditions of neuroinflammation and neurodegradation [118]. It has also been observed that infiltrating blood-derived macrophages exhibit the capacity for phagocytosis and possess more neurotropic and anti-inflammatory effects than microglial cells.

**Figure 5.** Environmental factors, toxins, chemicals, or genetic factors that can lead to the activation of anti-myelin Tlymphocytes. Legend: IL—interleukin; IP—inducible protein.
