**2. Materials and Methods**

#### *2.1. Study Design and Participants*

This study used a cross-sectional design using a snowball sampling approach. The online survey was conducted from 15 June to 10 July 2020 (the lockdown had been withdrawn for around two months). We contacted 727 Chinese older adults from five cities (e.g., Wuhan, Xiaogan, Jingzhou, Shiyan, and Xiangyang) in the Hubei province of China. A total of 609 participants (609/727, 83.8% response rate) agreed to participate in the survey. All of the participants who were community-dwelling older adults (≥60 years) met the eligibility criteria, which included: (1) not having been infected with COVID-19; (2) not having any cognitive disorders or impairments; (3) having access to a mobile phone or laptop; and (4) having sufficient reading and listening skills in Chinese. For those older adults who had difficulties in mobile phone or laptop operation, their family members and friends were invited to assist them in completing the online survey. Finally, there were 516 eligible participants (516/727, 71.0%), including 299 females (57.9%) and 217 males (42.1%), aged from 60 to 89 years (mean = 67.55 years, SD = 6.60).
