*Q1: What is the participant's COVID-19 anxiety, including the perceived risk and worry?*

For people with poor health, especially those suffering from certain diseases that have potential risks for infectious diseases due to the nature of the disease, catastrophic thinking about physical symptoms and overestimation of the risk of serious diseases may cause higher anxiety during pandemics [30,31]. The findings reported by Malesza and Kaczmarek (2021) also show that people with chronic diseases and poorer overall health have higher COVID-19 anxiety due to a greater perceived risk of infection [32]. Accordingly, we propose the following hypothesis:

**Hypothesis 1 (H1).** *Health status negatively predicts COVID-19 anxiety*.
