2.3.4. Depression

Depression levels were measured using the Chinese version of the Epidemiologic Studies Short Depression Scale (CESD-10) [33,34]. The questions were asked: "In the past week, how often I feel", followed by 10 items such as "I had trouble keeping my mind on what I was doing". The responses were given on a four-point Likert scale, ranging from "0 = rarely (less than 1 day)" to "3 = for most of the time (5–7 days)". The total score of the 10 items was calculated (≥10 indicating significant depressive symptoms) [35]. The CESD-10 has demonstrated satisfactory validity and internal consistency reliability among Chinese older adults (Cronbach's alpha = 0.78–0.82) [33,34].

The package of questionnaires was delivered on the online survey platform, and all participants were asked to complete the survey using their mobile phones or laptops. The duration to complete the online survey was around 20 min.
