*2.3. Ease of Pandemic Prevention Adoption*

Ease of pandemic prevention adoption refers to the availability of protective gears to individuals and the feasibility of practicing prevention measures such as lockdown and social distancing. A study was carried out to examine the feasibility of momentary ecological assessment by taking almost 21 respondents' data. The results showed that momentary ecological assessment was easier and had no impact on behavior [42]. It has been estimated that almost 36.9 million people were affected by HIV/AIDS. Regardless of the facility of available drugs for disease treatment, lifetime therapy was required for its prevention and control and to avoid its re-emergence. Using biomedical tools, prophylaxis, and circumcision, the diffusion of HIV/AIDS could be controlled by the end of 2030 [43]. In another research, Spire et al. [44] discovered three essentials in the exertion to decrease the sexual diffusion of HIV/AIDS struggle deterrence lethargy, expand HIV checking and hostility, humiliation, and prejudice. It also contended for an indulgent damage lessening method to the deterrence of sexual diffusion of HIV that considered the clarification of danger by various persons and societies in the period of antiretroviral treatment. Lee et al. [45] analyzed the impact of information and communication technology usage on psychosocial factors by conducting a questionnaire survey from 394 U.S. residents. The feasibility of pandemic prevention was a significant contributor to future anxiety.

Moreover, Zhou et al. [46] conducted an online survey-based study in China's Wuhan city, including 728 respondents, to analyze the influence factors of wearing face masks. The availability of face masks positively affected individuals' behavior of wearing them. Intawong et al. [47] studied the role of application technology in Thailand in helping the COVID-19 patients and high-risk individuals to discover their disease symptoms through quick tracking strategies. In another work, Thomas et al. [48] assessed the role of technologies in facilitating the prevention of pandemics worldwide. To this end, social media, artificial intelligence, and other digital technologies helped to promote the ease of pandemic prevention. Clipper [49] also argued that tech solutions strengthened the healthcare systems and made prevention adoption easier through information communication. Further, Kusuma et al. [50] conducted a survey-based analysis in four South Asian countries (India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka) by recruiting 29,809 respondents to evaluate the feasibility of COVID-19 prevention adoption. The individuals were found less likely to adopt pandemic prevention due to the unavailability of protective gears. Finally, Irfan et al. [51] examined and revealed the negative impact of the unavailability of face masks on willingness to wear face masks in Pakistan. In view of the abovementioned literature, the following relationship is hypothesized:

**Hypothesis 3.** *Ease of pandemic prevention adoption is likely to have a positive association with a willingness to adopt pandemic prevention.*

#### *2.4. Self-Efficacy*

Self-efficacy refers to individuals' beliefs of handling or managing a certain situation. It describes individuals' ability to carry out certain actions in the needful hours. Blue [52] explored the impact of attitude, beliefs of peer groups, and self-efficacy on diabetic patients' intention to do physical activity and eat healthy food for prevention and control by taking a sample of 106 adults at risk of diabetes. The results explained that all the variables greatly influenced intentions to take a healthy diet and make oneself physically fit. Another work consisting of 147 nurses in Korea was conducted to explore the impact of attitude and selfefficacy on the nursing intention to look after patients in emerging transferrable syndromes

using the theory of planned behavior. The findings indicated that the most effective variable to influence intentions was self-efficacy [53]. It has been argued that learning and forgetting behavior during pandemic disease was investigated by using the models such as the forgetting curve model (IFC), memory reception fading, and cumulating model (MRFC). It was done through sensitivity and simulation analyses. The results revealed that MRFC is more efficient and effective than IFC, which is suitable for fewer pandemics with a lower fatality rate [54]. Then, Aruta [55] analyzed and declared individuals' resilience and financial issues as the strongest determinants of psychological distress in Filipino individuals. In another work, Chen et al. [56] examined and found an adverse influence of COVID-19 on medical staff's mental health than Wuhan's general public. Given the above-discussed studies, the hypothesized association is given as follows:

**Hypothesis 4.** *Self-efficacy is likely to have a positive association with willingness to adopt pandemic prevention.*
