*2.2. Procedure*

To minimize face-to-face interaction as recommended by the Chinese government, the questionnaire survey was constructed and administered using an online survey platform in China, namely, SOJUMP (Changsha Ranxing Information Technology Co., Ltd., Changsha, China). Four older adults (two males and two females) were invited to complete a pilot test with the purpose of (1) improving the layout of the electronic questionnaires (e.g., using the large font and highlighting the key information), and (2) modifying the grammar and any typographical errors while ensuring the scale items were more understandable [29]. All recruitment posters and the hyperlink for the survey were disseminated via mobile short message service (SMS) and popular social media platforms in China (e.g., WeChat, Weibo, and QQ). There were three approaches used for recruiting participants. (1) Relying on the researchers' social networks in five cities of Hubei province, the eligible family members, friends, and relatives of researchers were invited. The participants then encouraged their friends to join the survey. (2) Researchers contacted the directors of community neighborhood committees in Wuhan and Xiaogan, respectively, and sought their collaboration and support. Upon receiving the agreement of directors, researchers were permitted to enter into their community neighborhood WeChat groups to recruit eligible participants. (3) Researchers contacted officials who were in charge of the retirement in two universities in Wuhan. With the support of officials, a recruitment poster and survey hyperlink were delivered to their internal WeChat group, especially for retirement colleagues.

To increase the engagement of participation, each participant who completed the online survey was eligible for 30 RMB by electronic transfer as an incentive. Participants were asked to sign an informed consent form on the first page of the survey platform prior to completing the questionnaires. Ethical approval for conducting the study was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of Hong Kong Baptist University (REC/19-20/0490).
