2.2.3. Subjective Well-Being

Subjective well-being mainly investigates the participants' subjective perceptions of the impact of COVID-19 on their well-being. According to Riediker and Koren's [40] definition of well-being, the study investigated the participants' subjective well-being, namely physical health, mental health, and social relationships (including what do you think is the impact of COVID-19 on your physical health/mental health/social relationship?). The responses were given using a 9-point Likert scale ranging from −4 to 4, where a score of 0 indicates no impact at all, a score of −1 to −4 indicates a negative impact, and a score of 1 to 4 indicates a positive impact; thus, a more negative score indicates a greater negative impact of COVID-19 on well-being and vice versa. The reliability and validity analysis showed that the factor loadings ranged from 0.75 to 0.87, the total explained variance was 68.77%, and Cronbach's α was 0.78.
