*5.2. Limitations and Future Research Directions*

Since there is always room for improvement, this work has some limitations that can be overcome by future works. First, this study's sampling procedure was not purely randomized which would limit its findings' generalizability. It was not possible to make it strictly random due to the ongoing pandemic outbreak across the country. Therefore, some selected platforms were chosen to collect data through questionnaires. Future studies should overcome this limitation to make the sampling generation process purely random to gain enough generalizability of the findings. Second, this work has considered the case of intention-based factors during the ongoing pandemic outbreak; however, it cannot provide a complete picture of individuals' behavior before and after the pandemic. Therefore, future studies should conduct a pre-and post-pandemic analysis to get a clear idea of how it affects the intention-based factors influencing the individuals' adoption behavior. Third, this work analyzed the whole dataset, including rural and urban respondents. Future studies should also analyze the urban and rural samples separately to investigate the differences in individuals' intention-based factors across the two samples. This would enhance the insight of the findings, providing a deep understanding of rural-urban heterogeneity. Fourth, there might exist possible dependencies among the constructs of this study. However, we have not considered this aspect since it needs to establish a separate model to incorporate the mediation or moderation impacts. Therefore, future works should include this aspect to analyze the potential mediation or moderation among those constructs. As a final point, this work merely conducted aggregated analysis without distinguishing the

demographic features of the study sample. Future studies may consider disaggregated analysis for people under different age cohorts, different income groups, and across varying levels of qualification to see the differences of response across groups of individuals with heterogeneous demographic attributes. It would provide a rich and comparative analysis for more informed and targeted public health policy outcomes.

This work's outcomes are unique in terms of reflecting the individuals' intentionbased driving forces, inhibitors, and neutral factors of WAPP from the perspective of a hybrid theoretical framework based on the planned behavior and reasoned action schools of thought. The consideration of ICFs is vital in the face of the fact that these factors significantly influence the intention of individuals to adopt preventive measures during pandemic spread, such as the currently ongoing outbreak of pandemic COVID-19. During the outbreak of an infectious pandemic, everyone's participation to avoid viral transmission is critical. This work's implications are useful guidelines on ICFs to shape the WAPP of individuals in Pakistan and at the global level during the outbreak of COVID-19 and potential future pandemics.
