2.2.2. Active Coping with COVID-19

Liao et al. [25] developed several questionnaires to estimate the protective behavior in the 2009 influenza A/H1N1 pandemic in Hong Kong. In reference to the above study, we developed 7 questions to assess the respondents' level of active coping with the threat of COVID-19 during their daily lives [26]. The active coping with COVID-19 represented the coping strategies of problem solving (protective behaviors) against the threat of COVID-19. These questions asked participants if they: (1) avoided going to crowded places, (2) maintained good indoor ventilation, (3) cleaned or disinfected their house more often, (4) washed their hands more often, (5) wore a mask, (6) searched for information on COVID-19, and (7) avoided clinic visits or had missed appointments at clinics in the past week. The

responses were scored as 0 ("no" or "yes, but not due to COVID-19") and 1 ("yes, due to COVID-19").
