*3.1. A Hybrid Theoretical Framework*

This work extends the planned behavior (PBST) and the reasoned action school of thoughts (RAST) by incorporating new intention-based critical factors (ICFs). The new framework is called the hybrid theoretical framework. RAST was postulated by Fishbein and Ajzen [88]. They advanced the notion that the actions of individuals complied with their intentions. People anticipate the perception-based influence of their activities instead of immediately executing real actions. Hence, people tend to perform actions that they feel will contribute to positive outcomes. In this fashion, two dimensions are involved in determining the behavior based on individuals' willingness to adopt pandemic prevention: (i) mythical attitude towards pandemic and (ii) peer groups' beliefs. The attitude is defined as individuals' common sense-based confirmation or disconfirmation of behavioral intention [89]. The composition of individuals' attitudes towards pandemic prevention may stem from a set of values they have, and the appraisal of consequences associated with the behavioral intention. In addition, peer groups' beliefs can be explained as a collection of expectations of how others evaluate a person's actions and motivations [90].

Originally, RAST was thought to be entirely composed of intention-based behaviors formed by the attitude towards some action and peer groups' beliefs. Afterward, an influential opinion came forth, referring that intention was not independently developing individuals' behavior, but some control factors were also involved. In this regard, Ajzen [90] presented a modified RAST version by including a novel self-efficacy element and characterized it as PBST (Figure 1). Self-efficacy is described as the power that people feel to have for executing some action. Besides, control beliefs and feasibility are the fundamentals of self-efficacy. The control beliefs are based on individuals' intention to have or lack the ability and knowledge to do something. In parallel, feasibility involves people's judgment about the convenience of executing some action [90].

RAST and PBST are commonly used to identify multifaceted intention-based behaviors in behavioral studies [91,92]. This research advances the RAST and PBST behavioral paradigms to augment them for some novel ICFs. Among those factors, peer groups' beliefs, pandemic knowledge, self-efficacy, and attitude were used in mainstream works [91,93]. However, factors like perceived risk, risk-averse behavior, moral values, ease of pandemic prevention adoption, and lack of trust in the political will are not known to be incorporated in a behavioral framework, a combination of RAST and PBST. Thus, the present research developed this new framework incorporated those factors to demonstrate their linkages with individuals' WAPP (Figure 1). The content analysis of empirical literature was done to detail the foundation of those factors provided in the Supplementary Materials.

Using a hybrid theoretical framework, this work investigates Pakistanis' local intentionbased WAPP translating it to the global context during the COVID-19 outbreak. In this regard, as per previous studies [93,94], behavioral intention has been considered instead of actually experienced behavior. Finally, the social and demographic features such as gender, age, education, and household income are taken as the controls, which partially contribute to the perceived behavioral control.

**Figure 1.** Modifications to the planned behavior and reasoned action schools of thought for novel contributing factors affecting individuals' willingness to adopt pandemic prevention. Source: Authors' drawing.
