*2.2. Study Participants*

The sample consisted of students on campus who voluntarily wished to participate. Data were collected during the COVID-19 pandemic between March and May 2020 from public libraries on the campuses of the four universities. It was ensured that the participants' privacy was protected and that they would not be disturbed during participation. The students agreed to use a browser to search for information pertaining to the preset health questions and have their screens recorded during the process. The final sample comprised 31 students from one university in central Taiwan and 70 students from three universities in southern Taiwan—resulting in a total sample size of 101. A total of 101 valid responses were thus obtained for image content analysis.

### *2.3. Study Tools*

To investigate the online health information-seeking behavior of the undergraduate students, this study referred to the "14 Health Topics of the Health Promotion Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare (Taiwan)", the "Top 10 Health Education and Teaching Issues in the United States", and the six categories of health information in Liao et al.'s [7] study, as the basis for formulating the example health issues. Liao et al.'s categories included disease treatment, diet and nutrition, exercise and fitness, health and aging prevention, medical consultation and treatment, and preventive health care, being supplemented with health issues of public concern. The health issues of concern to

undergraduate students in this study comprised four topics: "balanced diets", "obesity prevention", "health and fitness promotion", and "sleep management", each of which was extended to two questions, for a total of eight questions. The students were asked to select one of the eight questions and provide written answers to it, in order to reveal the status of their online health information-seeking behaviors and actual behaviors. Taking "balanced diet" as an example, the design concept of the health-related questions used in the research is shown in Table 1.

**Table 1.** Example of the design concept of health-related questions of concern to undergraduate students.


<sup>1</sup> Data source: [25].
