**3. Results**

#### *3.1. Sample Characteristics*

Data were derived from 1276 survey respondents. As shown in Table 1, the study sample was predominantly male (58%), middle aged (mean = 45.0 years, SD = 17.0 years), and college educated (79%). Half identified as racial/ethnic minorities and 51% were married. For mental health, the mean of the PROMIS depression T-score was 58.9 (SE = 10.6), which is significantly higher than the U.S. population norm (mean = 50.0, SD = 10.0, *p* < 0.0001). Thirty-nine percent of survey respondents scored above the PROMIS threshold for depression. The mean of the PROMIS anxiety T-score was 56.1 (SE = 10.1), which is also significantly higher than the U.S. population norm (mean = 50.0, SD = 10, *p* < 0.0001). About 48% of survey respondents scored above the PROMIS threshold for anxiety. Approximately 90% of survey respondents lived in an area that was under a stay-at-home order but only 34%, 32%, and 35% reported complete adherence (10 on a scale of 0 = not at all to 10 = completely) to stay-at-home, social distancing, and personal protective behavioral guidelines, respectively. With regard to healthy lifestyle behaviors, 36% of survey respondents agreed or strongly agreed that they were eating more healthy foods and 33% agreed or strongly agreed that they were exercising more since the start of the pandemic. For unhealthy lifestyle behaviors, 40% of survey respondents reported increased alcohol use, 41% reported increased tobacco smoking, and 46% reported increased vaping since the start of the pandemic.


**Table 1.** Descriptive analysis of participants' characteristics (*n* = 1276).


**Table 1.** *Cont.*

<sup>a</sup> "Missing" was shown for reference. Missing data was not included in statistical analyses. <sup>b</sup> Individuals categorized as having depression or anxiety met the criteria for "caseness" (T-score > 60) on the PROMIS 4-item short-form depression and anxiety measures. <sup>c</sup> "Continuing life as normal" is 0 on 0 to 10 scale, "stay at home besides essential trips" is 10 on 0 to 10 scale. <sup>d</sup> "No social distancing" is 0 on 0 to 10 scale, "complete social distancing" is 10 on 0 to 10 scale. <sup>e</sup> "never" is 0 on 0 to 10 scale, "every few hours" is 10 on 0 to 10 scale.

*3.2. Changes in Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors*

3.2.1. Univariate Analyses: Healthy Lifestyle Behavioral Change

Detailed results of Pearson's chi-square (χ2) and one-way ANOVAs to assess associations between each of the individual-level determinant variables and each of the healthy lifestyle behavioral change variables are presented in Supplemental Table S1.
