3.3.2. Univariate Analyses: Addictive Behavioral Change Index

As Table 3 shows, older aged and retired individuals were less likely to report increases in addictive behaviors, whereas individuals who lived in larger households, with someone aged <18, had anxiety or depression, were less likely to practice hand hygiene/sanitization, and were more likely to report increased addictive behaviors.

#### 3.3.3. Multivariable Analysis: Addictive Behavioral Change Index

Multivariable liner regression analyses revealed that individuals who had anxiety were more likely to report increases in addictive behaviors since the start of the pandemic relative those who did not have anxiety (β = 0.26, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.43) (Figure 1B and Table 3).

**Figure 1.** (**A**) Multivariable linear regression model estimating associations between explanatory variables and healthy behavioral change index. Vertical line represents null of beta. Bars denote 95% confidence interval. Healthy lifestyle behaviors include healthy eating and physical activity. Social distancing, stay-at-home adherence, and hand hygiene/sanitization adherence are in one unit increase; (**B**) multivariable linear regression model estimating associations between explanatory variables and addictive behavioral change index. Vertical line represents null of beta. Bars denote 95% confidence interval. Addictive behaviors include smoking, vaping, and drinking. Social distancing, stay-at-home adherence and hand hygiene/sanitization adherence are in one unit increase. ƹ indicate the reference groups.

**Table 3.** Univariate and multivariable linear regression analyses showing addictive behavior. Change index <sup>a</sup> as a function of individual-level determinants b.



**Table 3.** *Cont.*

<sup>a</sup> The addictive behavioral change index includes alcohol use, tobacco smoking, and vaping. Scores range from +3 to −3. <sup>b</sup> Individual-level determinants include sociodemographic, mental health, and behavioral (i.e., adherence to COVID-19 mitigation strategies) factors. <sup>c</sup> Living arrangement was not included into final model due to collinearity with number of household residents and lives with child < age 18. <sup>d</sup> Individuals categorized as having depression or anxiety met the criteria for "caseness" (T-score > 60) on the PROMIS 4-item short-form depression and anxiety measures.
