2.2.2. Media Consumption

The items were modified based on the media exposure measurement of Hong, Kim, and Xiong [45]. "Traditional media consumption" refers to the frequency of reading printed materials (such as newspapers and magazines), listening to the radio, and watching TV to obtain information related to COVID-19 (3 items). "New media consumption" refers to the frequency of obtaining COVID-19-related information from Internet news and social media. Responses were given on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (never) to 5 (always). The reliability and validity analysis showed that the factor loadings of "traditional media consumption" were, respectively, 0.88, 0.82, and 0.73, the total explained variance was 65.70%, and Cronbach's α was 0.73. In "new media consumption", the factor loads were 0.85 and 0.85, the total explained variance was 72.26%, and Cronbach's α was 0.62.
