2.2.3. Satisfaction with Life

Satisfaction with life was assessed with a Polish adaptation (Skala Satysfakcji z Zy- ˙ cia) [25] of the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) [26]. The SWLS contains five statements regarding one's life. The participants are asked to rate each provided statement on a 7-point scale (1 = "strongly disagree", 7 = "strongly agree"). Higher scores denote greater satisfaction with life. The Cronbach's α coefficient was 0.81.

#### 2.2.4. Optimism

Optimism was measured using a Polish adaptation (Test Orientacji Zyciowej) [ ˙ 27] of the Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R) [28]. The scale consists of 10 items. The respondents are asked to rate the extent to which they agree with each item on a 5-point scale (from 0 = "strongly disagree" to 4 = "strongly agree"). The total score is calculated by adding the points from 6 diagnostic statements, ranging from 0 to 24 points, with higher scores denoting more optimism. The Cronbach's α coefficient was 0.76.

#### 2.2.5. Coping with Stress

To measure coping with stress, the Polish adaptation (Kwestionariusz Radzenia sobie w Sytuacjach Stresowych) [29] of the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS) [30] was used. The CISS contains 48 items describing various behaviors in stressful situations. The respondents are asked to rate the frequency of engaging in a given behavior in a stressful situation on a 5-point scale (from 1 = "never" to 5 = "very often"). The results are described in terms of three styles of coping with stress: task-oriented coping (TOC), emotion-oriented coping (EOC), and avoidance-oriented coping (AOC). The latter style may take the form of distraction (D) or social diversion (SD). The Cronbach's α reliability indices for the scale ranged from 0.82 to 0.89 for the individual subscales.
