**5. Conclusions**

In this study, diesel spray was tested with a 3D-CFD numerical simulation. First, the 3D-CFD numbers were checked for their accuracy from the experimental data. Then, we studied the effects of various injection rate shapes on the properties of the spray and analyzed them using the 3D-CFD simulation results. The preliminary conclusions can be summarized as follows:


Finally, the analysis of the numerical simulation of the effects of different fuel injection rate shapes on the diesel spray mixing process shows that the variation in the structure of the air and fuel mixture in diesel engines depends on the shape of the fuel injection rate. The injection rate influences the diesel spray mixing process both during injection and after the EOI.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, L.L.; methodology, I.N.; simulation, I.N.; validation, L.L., K.N. and D.L.; formal analysis, L.L. and I.N.; data curation, I.N.; writing—original draft preparation, I.N.; writing—review and editing, L.L.; project administration, X.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 51509051), and the International Exchange Program of Harbin Engineering University for Innovation-oriented Talent Cultivation.

**Acknowledgments:** This paper was funded by the International Exchange Program of Harbin Engineering University for Innovation-oriented Talent Cultivation. The experimental data were taken from the Engine Combustion Network website that is maintained and operated by the Engine Combustion Department of Sandia National Laboratories.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
