*4.8. Survival Analysis*

Survivorship curves of all treatment groups were generated using the Kaplan–Meier approach by plotting number of surviving bees against days from initiation of the experiment [30]. Honey bee survival rates were compared across the treatment groups using a non-parametric, univariate analysis of variance and a corresponding post hoc test (Kruskal–Wallis test and the Mann–Whitney U test).

#### *4.9. Statistical Analyses*

Hemolymph trehalose levels, protein contents of the hypopharyngeal gland, the diameter of the hypopharyngeal gland acini of *N. ceranae*-infected bees on day 14 p.i., and the survival rates were normally distributed (Jarque–Bera JB test: *p >* 0.05) but had unequal variances (Levene's test: *p <* 0.05). We, therefore, used a non-parametric Kruskal–Wallis test and a Mann–Whitney U test to compare across the treatment groups. Multiple comparisons were accounted for using a Bonferroni correction.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, G.S. and S.N.; methodology, R.P. and E.C.; software, S.N.; validation, G.S., S.N. and C.L.M.; formal analysis, C.L.M. and S.N.; investigation, R.P. and E.C.; resources, R.P.; data curation, R.P.; E.C., S.N.; writing—original draft preparation, G.S.; writing review and editing, G.S. and C.L.M.; visualization, S.N. and E.C.; supervision, G.S. and C.L.M.; project administration, G.S.; funding acquisition, G.S., S.N. and R.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research was funded by The Royal Golden Jubilee Ph.D. Scholarship (RGJ) no. PHD58K0155; PHD/0078/2559, Thailand Research Funds.

**Institutional Review Board Statement:** The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by Thai IACUC (Animal care and uses Committee of Thailand) (Protocol Code: U1-03211-2559 and date of approval: 20 March 2016).

**Informed Consent Statement:** Informed consent was sought from the owner of honey bee colonies. Honey bee samples were collected from that owner who has agreed to have his honey bee sampled.

**Data Availability Statement:** The data presented in this study are available on requested from the corresponding author.

**Acknowledgments:** We would like to thank Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Burapha University for providing research facilities.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.

#### **References**

