3.5.1. Cytotoxicity Assay

Cytotoxic activity was determined against four human cancer cell lines (SK-MEL, KB, BT-549, and SKOV-3) and two noncancerous kidney cell lines (LLC-PK1 and Vero) as described earlier [28]. All cell lines were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Rockville, MD, USA). Each assay was performed in 96-well tissue culture-treated microplates. Cells were seeded at a density of 25,000 cells/well and incubated for 24 h. Samples at different concentrations were added, and cells were again incubated for 48 h. At the end of incubation, the cell viability was measured using a tetrazolium dye (WST-8) which was converted to a water-soluble formazan product. The absorbance was measured at 450 nm and the percent viability of sample treated cells was calculated in comparison to the vehicle-treated cells. Doxorubicin was used as a positive control, while DMSO was used as the negative (vehicle) control.

#### 3.5.2. Antimicrobial Assays

Isolates were tested against a panel of 8 pathogenic organisms including three fungi (*Candida albicans* ATCC 90028, *Cryptococcus neoformans* ATCC 90113, and *Aspergillus fumigates* ATCC 204305) and five bacteria (*Staphylococcus aureus* ATCC 29213, methicillin-resistant *S. aureus* ATCC 33591, *Escherichia coli* ATCC 35218, *Pseudomonas aeruginosa* ATCC 27853, and *Mycobacterium intracellulare* ATCC 23068). Microorganisms were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection. The assays

were performed at the National Center for Natural Products Research (NCNPR), at the University of Mississippi as a part of the antimicrobial screening program following a previously reported method [29]. Drug controls, ciprofloxacin for bacteria and amphotericin B for fungi, were included in each assay.
