*4.3. Extraction of Essential Oils*

For the extraction of essential oils, leaves, flowers, immature and mature fruits, and seeds of *M. grandiflora* were separately subjected to hydrodistillation for 3 h, using a modified Clevenger-type apparatus. Seeds were crushed in a mortar and pestle before hydrodistillation (Figure 5). The resultant oils were stored in glass vials at 4 ± 0.5 ◦C with no light. The yields were calculated on a moisture-free basis for mature fruits, flowers, seeds, immature fruits and leaves at 0.02, 0.06, 0.1, 0.1, 1.5% respectively whereas there was no oil present in the stem-bark sample.

**Figure 5.** Study material. **A**: Seeds were separated from mature fruits; **B**: seeds were prepared and gently crushed in a mortar and pestle (**C**), and were subsequently hydrodistilled. Photos courtesy of V.R and N.T.
