*Article* **Free Discharge of Subsurface Drainage Effluent: An Alternate Design of the Surface Drain System in Pakistan**

**Muhammad Ali Imran <sup>1</sup> , Jinlan Xu <sup>1</sup> , Muhammad Sultan 2,\* , Redmond R. Shamshiri 3,\* , Naveed Ahmed <sup>4</sup> , Qaiser Javed <sup>5</sup> , Hafiz Muhammad Asfahan <sup>2</sup> , Yasir Latif <sup>6</sup> , Muhammad Usman <sup>7</sup> and Riaz Ahmad <sup>8</sup>**

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**Abstract:** In Pakistan, many subsurface (SS) drainage projects were launched by the Salinity Control and Reclamation Project (SCARP) to deal with twin problems (waterlogging and salinity). In some cases, sump pumps were installed for the disposal of SS effluent into surface drainage channels. Presently, sump pumps have become dysfunctional due to social and financial constraints. This study evaluates the alternate design of the Paharang drainage system that could permit the discharge of the SS drainage system in the response of gravity. The proposed design was completed after many successive trials in terms of lowering the bed level and decreasing the channel bed slope. Interconnected MS-Excel worksheets were developed to design the L-section and X-section. Design continuity of the drainage system was achieved by ensuring the bed and water levels of the receiving drain were lower than the outfalling drain. The drain cross-section was set within the present row with a few changes on the service roadside. The channel side slope was taken as 1:1.5 and the spoil bank inner and outer slopes were kept as 1:2 for the entire design. The earthwork was calculated in terms of excavation for lowering the bed level and increasing the drain section to place the excavated materials in a specific manner. The study showed that modification in the design of the Paharang drainage system is technically admissible and allows for the continuous discharge of SS drainage effluent from the area.

**Keywords:** surface drain system; design; drainage effluent; Pakistan
