*Article* **Effect of Grain Size on the Corrosion Behavior of Fe-3wt.%Si-1wt.%Al Electrical Steels in Pure Water Saturated with CO2**

**Gaetano Palumbo 1,\*, Dawid Dunikowski 1, Roma Wirecka 2,3, Tomasz Mazur 2, Urszula Lelek-Borkowska 1, Kinga Wawer <sup>4</sup> and Jacek Bana´s <sup>1</sup>**


**Abstract:** The corrosion behavior of two silicon steels with the same chemical composition but different grains sizes (i.e., average grain area of 115.6 and 4265.9 μm2) was investigated by metallographic microscope, gravimetric, electrochemical and surface analysis techniques. The gravimetric and electrochemical results showed that the corrosion rate increased with decreasing the grain size. The scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopyanalyses revealed formation of a more homogeneous and compact corrosion product layer on the coarse-grained steel compared to fine-grained material. The Volta potential analysis, carried out on both steels, revealed formation of micro-galvanic sites at the grain boundaries and triple junctions. The results indicated that the decrease in corrosion resistance in the fine-grained steel could be attributed to the higher density of grain boundaries (e.g., a higher number of active sites and defects) brought by the refinement. The higher density of active sites at grain boundaries promote the metal dissolution of the and decreased the stability of the corrosion product layerformed on the metal surface.

**Keywords:** silicon steel; electrical steel; grain size; electrochemical corrosion; carbon dioxide; AM-KPFM Volta potential measurements
