*225 BC-956 AD: "Government Office–City Wall" Mode*

In this period, the city walls underwent two changes. Between 225 BC and 781 AD, the city changed very slowly and there is an absence of evidence of the lines of the city walls. Kaifeng was largely destroyed and drainage systems in the vicinity were disrupted by flood damage in 225 BC. A new city was built on the site, but it developed slowly.

Between 781 AD and 956 AD, the southern line of the city wall was extended to the south of the River Bian. There were seven gates in the wall (Figure 5).

**Figure 5.** The probable borders of the city walls of Kaifeng in 225 BC–956 AD.
