*3.1. Characterization and Provenance*

The analysis of ancient archaeological finds is of interest, and it provides clues on the technology of production, the used ingredients, the raw materials, the local production or traded goods. Additionally, the possibility of the reconstruction roots develops scenarios of reconstruction of implements used by ancient societies. Amongst thousands of relevant studies one example is chosen here. For example, the study of prehistoric amphorae provenance based upon their chemical analysis via neutron activation analysis provided clues regarding their mobility in the prehistoric Aegean (Figure 4). Modern techniques allow non-destructive analysis of artifacts, an advantage in the sampling procedure and issues regarding preservation and legalities of evasiveness of precious works of art.

**Figure 4.** An example of trade in the prehistoric Southeast Mediterranean. Late Bronze Age prehistoric amphorae chemical analysis via neutron activation provides clues regarding their mobility in the prehistoric Aegean. Statistical clustering with principal component analysis (PCA) identified the origin of traded contents (oil, resin, wine, perfumed oils). In the inset, a plot of PCA components C1 vs. C2 and the resulting groups from respective regions (e.g., 39).

The portability of instruments has solved scientific issues allowing analysis in situ or of museum exhibits and not transferring the artifacts to the laboratory. Moreover, non-destructive methods of physico-chemical analysis contribute in the conservation work of monuments and artifacts and in their preservation and restoration of organic and inorganic materials [18,40–44].

In addition to the conservation procedures applied for exposition in museums more information on the investigation of contents in these artifacts helps our knowledge of the past and increases the interest and attention to visitors and strengthens cultural tourism.
