**4. Recent Results of Ion Irradiation Effects on Space Electronics at WERC**

*4.1. Recent Experiments Using Accelerators at WERC*

Many radioactive sources exist in space such as electrons, X/γ-ray, and ions. Protons are the main ion component in space; thus, ion irradiation effects are investigated mainly using proton beam. Typical beam currents for irradiation experiments are ~1 nA, ~100 nA, and 1–10 µA, for the synchrotron, the tandem, and the ion-implanter, respectively. The synchrotron is used usually for research on SEE because high energy proton beam can simulate the high-density electronic excitation by the space radiation. On the other hand, the medium energy proton beam from the tandem accelerator is used for research on TID/DDD. The low energy ion beam with a high intensity from the ion-implanter is used exclusively for research on DDD. A lot of irradiation experiments for space electronics have been performed using the three accelerators at WERC. These experiments are summarized in Table 4. We introduce some experiments in the following sections.

**Table 4.** Summary table of irradiation experiments for space electronics at WERC.

