3.2.3. Embedding

3.2.3. Embedding

The forces discussed in Sections 3.2.1 and 3.2.2 manipulate the nanoparticles to cause migration and embedding into the substrate. Figure 9 shows an example of an Al nanoparticle embedded in the α-Al2O<sup>3</sup> matrix following electron irradiation at 10<sup>20</sup> e/cm<sup>2</sup> s, which is attributed to an epitaxial relationship between the two substances. This technique can be utilised for the implantation of catalysts, such as Pt nanoparticles, at the desired position in a matrix [9]. The forces discussed in Sections 3.2.1 and 3.2.2 manipulate the nanoparticles to cause migration and embedding into the substrate. Figure 9 shows an example of an Al nanoparticle embedded in the -Al2O3 matrix following electron irradiation at 1020 e/cm2sec, which is attributed to an epitaxial relationship between the two substances. This technique can be utilised for the implantation of catalysts, such as Pt nanoparticles, at the desired position in a matrix [9].

*Quantum Beam Sci.* **2021**, *5*, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 of 21

**Figure 9.** Al nanoparticle migrated and embedded into the -Al2O3 matrix by electron irradiation of the order of 1020 e/cm2s for (**a**) 0 s (**b**) 120 s and (**c**) 240 s. The -Al2O3/Al interface structure exhibits **Figure 9.** Al nanoparticle migrated and embedded into the α-Al2O<sup>3</sup> matrix by electron irradiation of the order of 10<sup>20</sup> e/cm<sup>2</sup> s for (**a**) 0 s (**b**) 120 s and (**c**) 240 s. The α-Al2O3/Al interface structure exhibits a {11–20}α-Al2O3//{200}Al epitaxial relationship even after electron irradiation for 240 s [9].

a {11–20}-Al2O3 //{200}Al epitaxial relationship even after electron irradiation for 240 s [9].
