**8. Recent Development in Control and Manipulation of Nanostructured Materials**

In this review, pioneering works by the author's group published in 1995–2005 are summarised as a tool for nanomaterial control and manipulation at the TEM room temperature stage. In these works, mediate-accelerating keV was initially used, followed by accompanying magnetic field, and focusing electrons to the localised area. Although there are several works on the effects of electron irradiation, reviews on this topic are scarce. For example, lattice defects such as point defects or stacking faults are introduced as radiation damage in the region of MeV electron irradiation, for which an ultra-high voltage TEM has been used as an experimental simulation. Krasheninnikov et al. published an excellent review paper on the effects of ion and electron irradiation, collecting more than 680 papers [23], which contained derivation and simulation for nanostructured materials. Accompanying magnetic field and focusing electrons to the localised area in TEM are unique technologies for manipulation, which were partly covered in the papers by Zheng et al. [24] and Andres et al. [25]. Zheng et al. reported that the trapping force for one nanoparticle was on the order of 10−<sup>9</sup> N in the electron density gradient of 1018−<sup>19</sup> e/cm<sup>2</sup> s [24] which is the same order of magnitude as discussed in Section 6.3. Simulation by first-principle theory using the density of state is important for predicting the formation, growth, and coalescence of nanoparticles [25].
