*Article* **ColorWatch: Color Perceptual Spatial Tactile Interface for People with Visual Impairments**

**Muhammad Shahid Jabbar 1, Chung-Heon Lee 1 and Jun Dong Cho 1,2,\***


**Abstract:** Tactile perception enables people with visual impairments (PVI) to engage with artworks and real-life objects at a deeper abstraction level. The development of tactile and multi-sensory assistive technologies has expanded their opportunities to appreciate visual arts. We have developed a tactile interface based on the proposed concept design under considerations of PVI tactile actuation, color perception, and learnability. The proposed interface automatically translates reference colors into spatial tactile patterns. A range of achromatic colors and six prominent basic colors with three levels of chroma and values are considered for the cross-modular association. In addition, an analog tactile color watch design has been proposed. This scheme enables PVI to explore artwork or real-life object color by identifying the reference colors through a color sensor and translating them to the tactile interface. The color identification tests using this scheme on the developed prototype exhibit good recognition accuracy. The workload assessment and usability evaluation for PVI demonstrate promising results. This sugges<sup>t</sup> that the proposed scheme is appropriate for tactile color exploration.

**Keywords:** color identification; tactile perception; cross modular association; universal design; accessibility; people with visual impairment
