**5. Conclusions**

The development of assistive technologies for art appreciation for visually impaired people can enhance their cultural and perceptual appreciation. These opportunities result in better comprehension and accessibility at museums, exhibitions, and everyday life. These multisensory interactions may also offer enhanced usability, understanding and promote educational tools aiding synesthetic capabilities to promote creative thinking. Color associations with aspects such as symbolism, culture, and preferences play an influential role, demanding the promotion of PVIs' color comprehension in daily life as well. Tactile color pictograms using tactile sensing attain sensational conception along with other physical properties of artwork such as contour, size, texture, geometry, and orientation. Although several TCPs have been developed, they are limited to fixed tactile color interpretation, which requires outgoing resources. We have proposed the design for ColorWatch integrating colors from Goethe's color triangle and Munsell color system with analog wristwatch, allowing spatial color-to-tactile interpretation. We have associated achromatic and monochromatic colors with chroma and value levels to the cross-modular tactile interface. The tactile interface manifests angular positions of tactile patterns. These patterns can be transformed automatically corresponding to the reference color. The arrangemen<sup>t</sup> of the tactile pattern is based on intuitive learning, which is translated through analog wristwatch tactile interface. This integrated approach offers ease of learnability to provide the essence of particular emotional or psychological states. We developed a prototype and performed an identification test for proof of concept. The test results for color identification present good accuracy and validate our hypothesis. Usability tests based on system usability scale and workload assessment by NASA-TLX tests sugges<sup>t</sup> that the proposed ColorWatch system can help people with visual impairments in color identification and reduce a factor that hinders their museums' accessibility and real-life color perception. The function of ColorWatch may be expanded to represent color gamu<sup>t</sup> of forty-two colors with twelve color hues based on the RYK color wheel, originally described by Issac Newton. The six additional color hues can be represented at uniform 30°angular distances, alternating between existing chromatic color hues. We shall expand experiments with subjects for balanced gender and diverse PVI vision statuses, and explore their simultaneous cognition abilities for a multisensory appreciation of artworks as a future study.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, M.S.J. and J.D.C.; methodology, software, M.S.J.; writing— original draft preparation, M.S.J.; data curation and validation, C.-H.L.; project administration, supervision, writing—review and editing, J.D.C.; All authors have read and agreed to the submitted version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research was funded by the Science Technology and Humanity Converging Research Program of the National Research Foundation of Korea, Grant No. 2018M3C1B6061353.

**Institutional Review Board Statement:** The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Sungkyunkwan University (protocol code: 2020-11-005-001, 22 February 2021).

**Informed Consent Statement:** Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.

**Data Availability Statement:** The data presented in this study are available within the article.

**Acknowledgments:** We would like to thank all volunteers for their participation and the reviewers for their insights and suggestions.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
