*Article* **Thermal Runaway Modelling of Li-Ion Cells at Various States of Ageing with a Semi-Empirical Model Based on a Kinetic Equation**

**Mathilde Grandjacques** *∗***, Pierre Kuntz , Philippe Azaïs , Sylvie Genies and Olivier Raccurt**

CEA, LITEN, DEHT, LMP, University Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France; pierre.kuntz@cea.fr (P.K.); philippe.azais@cea.fr (P.A.); sylvie.genies@cea.fr (S.G.); olivier.raccurt@cea.fr (O.R.) **\*** Correspondence: mathilde.grandjacques@cea.fr; Tel.: +33-4387-840-83

**Abstract:** The thermal runaway model used is a semi-empirical model based on a kinetic equation, parametrised by three parameters (*m*, *n*, *p*). It is believed that this kinetic equation can describe any reaction. The choice of parameters is often made without justifications. We assumed it necessary to develop a method to select the parameters. The method proposed is based on data coming from an accelerating rate calorimeter (ARC) test. The method has been applied on data obtained for cells aged on different conditions. Thanks to a post-mortem analysis and simulations carried out using the parameters obtained, we have shown that the ageing mechanisms have a major impact on the parameters.

**Keywords:** Li-ion battery; thermal runaway; model; post-mortem analysis
