**Appendix A**

**Table A1.** Governing equations of DFN model along with the phenomenon that describes the diffusion, charge/mass conservation and flux density in DFN model [46,71].


<sup>1</sup> Concentration of lithium in the solid phase *cs*(*x*, *r*, *t*) and electrolyte *ce*(*x*,*t*). Electric potential in the solid phase *φs*(*x*,*t*) and electrolyte *φe*(*x*,*t*). Flux density between solid phase and electrolyte *j*(*x*,*t*). Remaining symbols are described in Table 1.

**Table A2.** Equations of ECM model in the time domain for pulse current [72].

