**3. Case Studies**

To demonstrate the parameter fitting methods and to evaluate the accuracy of the model predictions the methodology from Section 2 is applied to two case studies including FilmTec 2.5 inch FT30 and Saehan Industries RE4040-SR spiral wound membrane modules.

For the purpose of fitting parameters, experimental data values from the literature have been used. This includes 32 data points using the FilmTec module with varying salt concentrations (25–40 g/L), feed pressures (50–80 bar), and temperatures (20–35 ◦C) and associated varying feed and permeate volume flow rates as given in Table 1 of the study of Avlonitis et al. [29]. Unfortunately this data set does not include brine outlet pressure or boron concentrations so steps 1 and 3 from Figure 1 are not possible based on this data.

**Table 1.** Spiral wound membrane module details using literature values for FilmTec [29] and Saehan [23] modules.


For the Saehan module a set of 15 data points can be found in the study of Mane et al. [23] with varying pressures (600–800 psi or approximately 4,137,000–5,516,000 Pa) and pH (7.5, 8.5 and 9.5) and with varying permeate flow rates (maintaining feed to permeate flow ratio at a constant). In this study, 10 of these data points were used for fitting

parameters (pH at 7.5 and 9.5) and the remaining 5 data points were used for validation. These data are measured only at 25 ◦C and, as with the other case study, pressure drop data are also not given in the literature. Hence, in this case, steps 2, 3, and 4 are possible in the fitting procedure from Figure 1.
