*3.3. Distribution Line Emulation Circuit*

Due to practical considerations, distribution lines are emulated by a *π*-equivalent circuit, which is shown in Figure 5. The equivalent circuit emulates a 100 m line with an inductance *Ll* of 32 μH, a resistance *Rl* of 120 mΩ and a capacitance *Cl* of 42 nF. In general, such lumped element models are valid when the wavelength of the signals in the system are longer than the length of the line [38]. Since the length of the lines in this paper are relatively short, this is assumed to be valid. However, this assumption might not be valid for long transmission lines in medium or high voltage systems.

(**a**) *π*-equivalent emulation circuit

(**b**) Hardware realization

**Figure 5.** Lumped element emulation circuit that is used to emulate a 100 m distribution line.
