**4. Conclusions**

This paper mainly analyzes the lightning attachment characteristics and lightning energy withstand capability of BIPV modules by numerical simulation and experiment. Two conclusions are drawn as follows,


In a word, the metal frame of BIPV can not only intercept lightning stroke to protect the solar cells inside effectively, but can also function as a lightning receptor and down conductor of a building roof. With its good lightning protection performance, BIPV has good application prospects in the rapidly developing distributed PV stations. It has prodigious potential for building integration, especially for less-energy hungry, zeroenergy, sustainable, green, and aesthetic building integration. In the future work, our study will focus on the BIPV array on roofs and in facades, evaluating the risk of lightning stroke to BIPV in different application modes. The following research will provide lightning protection methods for green buildings and PV systems.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, Q.Z. and X.B.; methodology, Q.Z. and X.B.; software, Y.Z. and T.C.; validation, Q.Z. and B.W.; formal analysis, Q.Z. and B.W.; investigation, Y.Z. and T.C.; resources, Q.Z. and B.W.; data curation, X.B.; writing—original draft preparation, Y.Z. and T.C.; writing—review and editing, Q.Z. and Y.Z.; visualization, Y.Z.; supervision, X.B.; project administration, Q.Z. and B.W.; funding acquisition, Q.Z. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This work was supported in part by the Shanghai Municipal Market Supervision and Administration Bureau under Grants 19TBT018 and 20TBT010, and in part by the Shanghai Science and Technology Commission Project under gran<sup>t</sup> 19020500800.

**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.

**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.

**Data Availability Statement:** Not applicable.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
