**6. Toxins Identified in LOCBE**

In vitro studies with LOCBE revealed that it has mainly procoagulant activity [43–48]. However, several studies have identified in bristles or hemolymph many biological activities that could be associated with the effects observed in patients such as inflammation, leukocyte migration, degradation of extracellular matrix, or even pain. Table 2 lists the main biological activities, toxins, or transcripts identified in *L. obliqua* tissues and secretions.


**Table 2.** Complexity of *L. obliqua* caterpillar venom and secretions.


Transcriptome and proteome approaches have shown the complexity of LOCBE at the molecular level. However, these approaches did not provide a clear identification of procoagulant molecules or toxins equivalent to well-known coagulation activators [31,48]. The most studied toxins isolated from LOCBE are two procoagulant proteins: the *Lonomia obliqua* Stuart factor activator (Losac) and the *Lonomia obliqua* prothrombin activator protease (Lopap). Both proteins, far from being similar to known clotting factors, were identified as belonging to the hemolin and lipocalin families, respectively [43,47].
