*Article* **Remote Sensing-Based Rainfall Variability for Warming and Cooling in Indo-Pacific Ocean with Intentional Statistical Simulations**

#### **Jong-Suk Kim <sup>1</sup> , Phetlamphanh Xaiyaseng <sup>1</sup> , Lihua Xiong <sup>1</sup> , Sun-Kwon Yoon <sup>2</sup> and Taesam Lee 3,\***


Received: 11 April 2020; Accepted: 3 May 2020; Published: 4 May 2020

**Abstract:** This study analyzed the sensitivity of rainfall patterns in South China and the Indochina Peninsula (ICP) using statistical simulations of observational data. Quantitative changes in rainfall patterns over the ICP were examined for both wet and dry seasons to identify hotspots sensitive to ocean warming in the Indo-Pacific sector. The rainfall variability was amplified by combined and/or independent effects of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). During the years of El Niño and a positive phase of the IOD, rainfall is less than usual in Thailand, Cambodia, southern Laos, and Vietnam. Conversely, during the years of La Niña and a negative phase of the IOD, rainfall throughout the ICP is above normal, except in parts of central Laos, northern Vietnam, and South China. This study also simulated the change of ICP rainfall in the wet and dry seasons with intentional IOD changes and verified IOD-sensitive hotspots through quantitative analysis. The results of this study provide a clear understanding both of the sensitivity of regional precipitation to the IOD and of the potential future impact of statistical changes regarding the IOD in terms of understanding regional impacts associated with precipitation in changing climates.

**Keywords:** rainfall variability; Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD); El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO); intentional statistical simulation
