**5. Conclusions**

The findings of the current study of the heat enhancement for three different pipe assemblies showed the following:


**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, M.Z.S.; methodology, K.P. and M.Z.S.; software, K.P. and Z.A.H. validation, K.P.; formal analysis, K.P., Z.A.H. and M.Z.S.; investigation, K.P., Z.A.H. and M.Z.S.; resources, M.Z.S.; data curation, M.Z.S.; writing—original draft preparation, K.P., M.Z.S. and Z.A.H.; writing—review and editing, K.P., M.Z.S. and Z.A.H.; funding acquisition, M.Z.S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** The authors acknowledge the full financial support of the National Science and Engineering Research Council Canada (NSERC), Ryerson University for the financial support and Qatar National Research Foundation (NPRP12S-0123-190011).

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.

## **Nomenclature**


## **References**


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