*2.3. Data Extraction*

Each publication (*n* = 293) was reviewed using a standard protocol. General information about the authors affiliation, country, the year of publication and the journal was recorded. Information on the subspecies, the bee life stages (larvae, pupae or adults, i.e., workers, queens, drones), and the stressors studied in the publication, the endpoint measurements and the methods used were stored in a database dedicated to the analysis. Whether several stressors were tested simultaneously or not was noted. We also recorded whether the impact of the stressor was evidenced or not. Finally, we included the scale of study in the analysis. The endpoint measurements were grouped into four classes: (i) colony scale (e.g., colony weight, colony reproduction, colony survival), (ii) individual scale (e.g., physiological or anatomical measures, learning, memory, behavior, mortality), (iii) cellular scale (e.g., cell death, spermatozoa viability), (iv) molecular scale (e.g., enzyme activity, protein concentration), and (v) genetic scale (e.g., genes expression).

## *2.4. Data Analysis*

Flows between two or more variables are represented by Sankey diagrams, in which the width of the arrows is proportional to the magnitude of the flow. Diagrams were produced with the online tool SankeyMATIC.

Statistical analysis was conducted using Chi-square tests implemented with R. per year between 2007 and

#### **3. Results and Discussion**
