*Review* **Reproductive Chances of Men with Azoospermia Due to Spermatogenic Dysfunction**

**Caroline Kang †, Nahid Punjani † and Peter N. Schlegel \***

> Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021, USA;

cak4005@med.cornell.edu (C.K.); nap4001@med.cornell.edu (N.P.)

**\*** Correspondence: pnschleg@med.cornell.edu

† Equal contribution.

**Abstract:** Non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA), or lack of sperm in the ejaculate due to spermatogenic dysfunction, is the most severe form of infertility. Men with this form of infertility should be evaluated prior to treatment, as there are various underlying etiologies for NOA. While a significant proportion of NOA men have idiopathic spermatogenic dysfunction, known etiologies including genetic disorders, hormonal anomalies, structural abnormalities, chemotherapy or radiation treatment, infection and inflammation may substantively affect the prognosis for successful treatment. Despite the underlying etiology for NOA, most of these infertile men are candidates for surgical sperm retrieval and subsequent use in intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). In this review, we describe common etiologies of NOA and clinical outcomes following surgical sperm retrieval and ICSI.

**Keywords:** non-obstructive azoospermia; infertility; intracytoplasmic sperm injection

**Citation:** Kang, C.; Punjani, N.; Schlegel, P.N. Reproductive Chances of Men with Azoospermia Due to Spermatogenic Dysfunction. *J. Clin. Med.* **2021**, *10*, 1400. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/jcm10071400

Academic Editors: Giovanni M. Colpi and Ettore Caroppo

Received: 4 March 2021 Accepted: 26 March 2021 Published: 31 March 2021

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