**5. Conclusions**

In conclusion, the current evidence suggests a considerable risk of temporary and even permanent hypogonadism following TESE procedures. It is ye<sup>t</sup> unclear whether the increased hypogonadism risk is related to the number or size of testicular tissue samples excised, the number and size of the testicular tunica albuginea incisions, or the surgical experience [8]. Most probably, it is related to the NOA etiology and testicular volume as it is more profound and of longer duration in patients with KS compared with other NOA causes.

**Author Contributions:** E.B. and G.A.K. authors had equal contribution in conceptualization and writing of the review. D.G.G. contributed in the conceptualization, supervision, and editing. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** Next Fertility Procrea Lugano, Switzerland, funded the Article Processing Charges.

**Data Availability Statement:** No new data were created or analyzed in this study.

**Acknowledgments:** The authors would like to thank the Procrea–NextClinics Institution, Milan, Italy, for the full cover of the Article Processing Charges.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
