*Article* **Identification of Pre-1950 Synthetic Organic Pigments in Artists' Paints. A Non-Invasive Approach Using Handheld Raman Spectroscopy**

**Rika Pause \*, Inez Dorothé van der Werf and Klaas Jan van den Berg**

Cultural Heritage Agency of the Netherlands, Hobbemastraat 22, 1071ZC Amsterdam, The Netherlands; I.van.der.Werf@cultureelerfgoed.nl (I.D.v.d.W.); K.van.den.Berg@cultureelerfgoed.nl (K.J.v.d.B.) **\*** Correspondence: r.pause@cultureelerfgoed.nl

**Abstract:** There is little information on the actual use of early synthetic organic pigments (SOPs) in art objects, especially those from before 1950. Their presence can, however, pose a challenge to conservation because their chemical composition, as well as their lightfastness and sensitivity to solvents, are often unknown. Here, a study on the non-invasive identification of SOPs in historic pre-1950 varnished paint-outs from artists' materials manufacturer Royal Talens is presented. The paints were analysed using a handheld Raman device. Spectra were evaluated by recording the spectra of the same samples with a benchtop instrument. This study demonstrated that the identification of SOPs in varnished oil paints with a non-invasive approach is possible and rather straightforward. The handheld Raman device allowed us to identify fourteen SOPs from eight pigment classes. Besides the occurrence of expected and the known SOPs of this time period, there were also some surprising results, like the detection of the triarylcarbonium pigments PG2 and PB8, and the monoazo Mordant Yellow 1.

**Keywords:** synthetic organic pigments; royal talens; handheld raman spectroscopy; microraman spectroscopy; modern artist oil paint
