3.1.1. Brown

High pixel intensities in iron and manganese XRF maps in brown regions suggest the use of brown umber in both prints [34–36]. The co-ocurrence of iron and manganese is observed most clearly in the pomegranate husk in plate 9 and chrysalis on plate 55 (Figure 2). Umber was available to artists long before the eighteenth century and its use does not rule out an early modern date for the coloring [35]. However, high pixel intensities in XRF maps for cadmium and sulphur in brown and dark yellow regions of plate 9 suggest the presence of cadmium yellow, either mixed with brown umber or applied in a separate layer. Cadmium yellow's earliest use as an artist's pigment is 1818 [30].

**Figure 2.** MA-XRF maps for cadmium (**left**), iron (**center**), and manganese (**right**) in plate 9 (**top**) and plate 55 (**bottom**).
