*3.2. Characteristics of Eligible Studies*

The demographic data and relevant outcomes are summarized in Table 1. We included 4367 patients with AD in this meta-analysis and assessed seven different JAK inhibitors. Four of them (abrocitinib, baricitinib, gusacitinib, and upadacitinib) were orally administered, while the remaining three (delgocitinib, ruxolitinib, and tofacitinib) were topically administered. All eligible studies had participants with a documented history of inadequate treatment response to topical corticosteroids/calcineurin inhibitors. Guttman-Yassky et al. also recruited participants with a documented history of inadequate treatment response to systemic corticosteroids or immunosuppressants [42]. Most eligible studies did not report participants with failure of systemic treatment but a washout period for systemic steroid, immunosuppressive, and biologic treatments.

Most of the enrolled trials involved adult patients with moderate to severe AD. Three studies involved children or adolescents, while another three included patients with mild to moderate AD. All enrolled studies had declared their conflict of interest with an institution or a company.

#### *3.3. Risk of Bias Assessment*

We used the Risk-of-Bias VISualization tool to create "traffic light" plots of domainlevel judgments [48]. Most of the enrolled RCTs were judged to have a "low" risk of bias (Figure S2).
