*Article* **Near Infrared Spectroscopy as a Green Technology for the Quality Prediction of Intact Olives**

**Silvia Grassi 1, Olusola Samuel Jolayemi 1, Valentina Giovenzana 2, Alessio Tugnolo 2, Giacomo Squeo 3, Paola Conte 4, Alessandra De Bruno 5, Federica Flamminii 6, Ernestina Casiraghi <sup>1</sup> and Cristina Alamprese 1,\***


**Abstract:** Poorly emphasized aspects for a sustainable olive oil system are chemical analysis replacement and quality design of the final product. In this context, near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) can play a pivotal role. Thus, this study aims at comparing performances of different NIRS systems for the prediction of moisture, oil content, soluble solids, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity of intact olive drupes. The results obtained by a Fourier transform (FT)-NIR spectrometer, equipped with both an integrating sphere and a fiber optic probe, and a Vis/NIR handheld device are discussed. Almost all the partial least squares regression models were encouraging in predicting the quality parameters (0.64 < R<sup>2</sup> pred < 0.84), with small and comparable biases (*p* > 0.05). The pair-wise comparison between the standard deviations demonstrated that the FT-NIR models were always similar except for moisture (*p* < 0.05), whereas a slightly lower performance of the Vis/NIR models was assessed. Summarizing, while on-line or in-line applications of the FT-NIR optical probe should be promoted in oil mills in order to quickly classify the drupes for a better quality design of the olive oil, the portable and cheaper Vis/NIR device could be useful for preliminary quality evaluation of olive drupes directly in the field.

**Keywords:** antioxidant activity; harvesting time; olive composition; olive cultivars; olive ripening; phenolic compounds; PLS regression model; portable device; quality parameters; sustainability
