*Article* **Measuring Circularity in Food Supply Chain Using Life Cycle Assessment; Refining Oil from Olive Kernel**

**Amin Nikkhah 1,2,\*, Saeed Firouzi 3, Keyvan Dadaei <sup>3</sup> and Sam Van Haute 1,2**


**Abstract:** Valorization of food waste is a potential strategy toward a circular food supply chain. In this regard, measuring the circularity of food waste valorization systems is highly important to better understand multiple environmental impacts. Therefore, this study investigated the circularity of a food waste valorization system (refining oil from olive kernel) using a life cycle assessment methodology. An inventory of an industrial-based olive kernel oil production system is also provided in this study. The system boundary was the cradle to the factory gate of the production system. The results indicated that natural gas consumption was the highest contributor to most of the investigated impact categories. The global warming potential of one kg of oil produced from olive kernel was calculated to be 1.37 kg CO2eq. Moreover, the calculated damages of 1 kg oil production from olive kernel to human health, ecosystem quality, and resource depletion were 5.29 <sup>×</sup> <sup>10</sup>−<sup>7</sup> DALY, 0.12 PDF·m2·yr., and 24.40 MJ, respectively.

**Keywords:** circular economy; environmental impact; global warming; valorization of waste
