*Article* **Distinct Particle Films Impacts on Olive Leaf Optical Properties and Plant Physiology**

**Annalisa Rotondi 1, Lucia Morrone 1,\*, Osvaldo Facini 1, Barbara Faccini 2, Giacomo Ferretti <sup>2</sup> and Massimo Coltorti <sup>2</sup>**


**Abstract:** The olive fruit fly is worldwide considered a major harmful pest of the olive agroecosystem. In Italy, the fruit fly infestation is traditionally countered by spraying chemical insecticides (e.g., dimethoate), but due to the recent ban of dimethoate by the Reg EU2019/1090 and the increasing awareness of consumers of food sustainability, the interest in developing chemical-free alternatives to pesticides, such as the use of particle-films, is rising. A field experiment was conducted to assess the effect of different particle films (kaolin-base and zeolitite-base) on leaf gas exchanges and leaf optical properties. Results showed that with the dust accumulation on the leaves' surface, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration and water use efficiency were significantly lower in kaolintreated olive trees compared to those treated with zeolitite and to the control, while olive trees treated with zeolitite showed physiological parameters similar to the untreated plants. Microstructural differences of different particle film on the leaf and olive surfaces emerged by ESEM observations also influenced leaf optical properties. Oils produced by zeolitite-treated plants show higher intensities of gustatory and olfactory secondary flavors compared to kaolin and test oils.

**Keywords:** *Olea europaea*; kaolin; zeolitite; foliar treatments; sustainable agriculture; crop defense
