*4.5. Cytokine Assays by ELISA*

In vitro, the DCs were incubated with the indicated concentrations of astaxanthin and LPS (100 ng/mL) for 24 h. The culture supernatants were collected. IL-1β, IL-17, and TGF-β in supernatants or serum specimens were determined by using ELISA kits (eBioscience, San Diego, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions.
