*1.1. Use of Targeted Therapies*

Targeted therapies can come in many forms, from antibody treatments, such as Herceptin, or treatment involving inhibitors to important enzymes, including upregulated kinases, such as mitogen-activated protein kinase 3 (MAPK3), which has abnormal expression in many forms of cancer [2]. Small molecular weight cancer drugs are also important since they readily enter cells and affect changes compared to large molecular weight drugs such as antibodies. These inhibitors can be used to target and block many enzymatic pathways which support cancer progression. For example, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) inhibitors which aim to reduce angiogenesis are currently being developed, with just under 20 different molecules being tested in in vitro and clinical trials [7].
