*Article* **'Uncovering the Self': Religious Doubts, Spirituality and Unveiling in Egypt**

**Karin van Nieuwkerk**

> Faculty of Philosophy, Theology and Religious Studies, Radboud University, 6525 XZ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; k.vannieuwkerk@ftr.ru.nl

> **Abstract:** Since the 1980s, discourse on religious piety has taken many different forms, from mosque lessons by lay preachers—such as 'Amr Khalid—to religious TV programmes and leisure activities. Within this widespread religious culture and cultivation of forms of visible piety, wearing the veil became an almost uncontested norm for women. As Saba Mahmood demonstrated, the veil became a crucial way to express and cultivate a 'pious self'. Yet especially since the 2011 revolution and its aftermath, many young Egyptians started to question political, religious and patriarchal authorities. Amongst others, this took on open or hidden forms of non-believing, as well as a search for new forms of spirituality. Based on fieldwork and interviews, this contribution looks into the motives and experiences of women who decided to cast off the veil. In view of the hegemonic piety discourse, this is a huge issue, which is met by fierce reactions and accusations of immorality and non-belief. Whereas for some women this decision is an expression of religious doubt or a turn to a non-religious worldview, for others it is a way to contest the current piety discourse in a search for a more personal and spiritual connection with God. While the relationship with religion among my interlocutors might differ, they share a common attempt to uncover their 'authentic selves'. By unveiling, they express their wish to define their own space and ideas regarding religion, gender and their bodies.

**Keywords:** (un)veiling; gender; spirituality; piety; non-belief; the self; Islam; Egypt

**Citation:** van Nieuwkerk, Karin. 2021. 'Uncovering the Self': Religious Doubts, Spirituality and Unveiling in Egypt. *Religions* 12: 20. https:// doi.org/10.3390/rel12010020

Received: 27 November 2020 Accepted: 23 December 2020 Published: 28 December 2020

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