**3. Results**

In this section, the feasibility of the proposed new hybrid WOAPSO was tested and evaluated using mainly two types of PV devices: one PV cell (R.T.C France solar cell) and one PV module (SS2018P) at different solar irradiation. As a result, the retrieved PV cell and module parameters were monitored and used to create simulated I-V data for each device type. The accuracy and reliability of the WOAPSO were assessed by comparing the techniques published in the literature with the existing art. The efficiency of the proposed method is evaluated based on distinct empirical tools such as the individual absolute error (IAE), the relative error (RE), the precision of the curve fitting, and the global minimum convergence patterns. The experimental values of current and voltage are taken from [55] by using R.T.C France solar cell at standard temperature condition i.e., 1000 W/m<sup>2</sup> at 33 ◦C. The SS2018P PV module is composed of 36 polycrystalline cells connected in series and generate the I-V data under different irradiance levels i.e., 1000 W/m<sup>2</sup> , 870 W/m<sup>2</sup> , 720 W/m<sup>2</sup> and 630 W/m<sup>2</sup> . The data collection consists of a total of 20 I-V measurements for solar cell and 27 for PV module. The values of current and voltage for solar PV module (SS2018P) are measured across variable resistive load (0.1–250 Ω, 2 A). The measured value of voltage and current at different irradiance level is presented in supplementary materials. For a reasonable comparison, the search ranges (i.e., upper and lower bound) for each parameter are tabulated in Table 1, which are the same as those being used by investigators

in [27]. The proposed WOAPSO algorithm is implemented on MATLAB 2018a platform with Intel ® core ™ i7-HQ CPU, 2.4 GHz, 16 GB RAM Laptop. In order to conduct the experiment, the sample size, and the estimated number of objective function evaluations are set at 30 and 50,000, respectively. Furthermore, a minimum of 30 separate runs are carried out to prevent the contingency.


**Table 1.** Range of parameters for SDM, DDM and PV Module.
