*2.1. Photovoltaic (PV) System*

The 0.1 MW-rated PV system used in this study, and the parameters of the system, are depicted in Table A1. To control the output of the PV-VSI, a PVMT-based FLDPC strategy was developed, which is described in Sections 3 and 4.

The relationship between the PV system's current and voltage can be represented as follows:

$$I\_{PV} = I\_{ph} - I\_D - I\_{sh} = I\_{ph} - I\_0 [\exp\frac{q}{AKT(V\_{PV} + I\_{PV}R\_s)} - 1] - \frac{V\_{PV} + I\_{PV}R\_s}{R\_{sh}} \tag{1}$$

( ) where cell output voltage is *VPV*, cell output current is *IPV*, diode current is *ID*, photocurrent is *Iph*, reverse saturation current is *I*0, electron charge is *q*, shunt resistance current is *Ish*, temperature of cell is *T*, shunt resistance *Rsh*, series resistance *R<sup>s</sup>* and quality factor is *A*.

A modified incremental conductance algorithm-based MPPT controller [39] is implemented to extract maximum power from the PV system. By using (2), the maximum power can be determined:

$$P\_{pv}(t) = \eta\_{pv} A\_c I(t) (1 - 0.005(T\_0(t) - 25))\tag{2}$$

0 ( ) ( )(1 0.005( ( ) 25)) where cell array area is *Ac*, PV system efficiency is *ηpv*, solar irradiation is *I* and ambient temperature is *T*0.
