*3.3. Execution Steps of STO for Parameter Estimation*

Figure 2 illustrates the flowchart of the STO algorithm for optimized parameter estimation of a solar cell/module. The algorithm works as follows:

	- **Step 2**. In the search space, control the fitness of all agents using Equation (2).
	- **Step 3**. At each iteration, the STO is employed to adjust the position of the agents. Because the algorithm is intended to function in the minimization mode, the location of the particles with the least cost suggests the best SDM parameters with the minimum RMSE.

**Figure 2.** Process flowchart of STO algorithm for parameter estimation of PV cell/module.
