*4.1. Parameter Optimization of BALLARD MARK V PEMFC*

Table 5 demonstrates the optimized value of all parameters by implementing the OBAOA algorithm. The number of cells connected in series in the Ballard Mark V model is 35, and the membrane thickness is 178 µm. It is clearly depicted in Table 3 that the proposed OBAOA method is able to produce the least SSE of 9.03 <sup>×</sup> <sup>10</sup>−<sup>4</sup> in comparison to other optimization methods. Here, SSE is taken for performance evaluation, which is same as considered by the other authors [58,62].


Furthermore, as depicted in Table 6, the minimum and maximum value of internal absolute error (IAE) between experimental and simulated values is 0.0003 and 0.0139, respectively. The characteristics curve of current-voltage and power-voltage for Ballard Mark V PEMFC is redrawn and presented in Figure 3, based on best-optimized parameters obtained by executing the OBAOA algorithm. This implies that the presented OBAOA technique outperforms other methods.
