**Table 2.** Statistical results of benchmark test functions.


To further validate the effectiveness of the proposed OBAOA algorithm, the practical case of Ballard Mark V PEMFC is considered. The experimental values of voltage and current are taken from [55,56]. The operating condition and technical specification of Ballard Mark V PEMFC is illustrated in Table 3. Table 4 depicts the lower and upper search bounds for the parameters similar to the other authors [57,58]. The simulation results are compared with the other optimization methods existing in the literature review. Moreover, to show the competence of OBAOA algorithm, four pre-existing algorithms: AOA [48], PSO [59], gravitational search algorithm (GSA) [60], and acquilla optimizer (AO) [61] are employed. For a reasonable comparative evaluation, the number of population and iterations are set at 30 and 1000, respectively. All simulations were run on a PC with an Intel (R) Core i5- CPU M370@2.4 GHz 8 GB and the MATLAB R2018b software.


**Table 3.** Technical specification and operating condition of PEMFC.

**Table 4.** Lower and upper bounds of parameters for PEMFC.

