*3.3. WOAPSO for Parameter Estimation of SS2018P PV Module*

In order to further evaluate the efficiency of the proposed WOAPSO algorithm, parameters for SS2018P PV module were also estimated at different level of irradiance by utilizing the SDM model. The optimal value of five parameters (Ip, Isd, a, Rs, Rsh) for SDM of solar PV module at distinct levels of irradiance and constant temperature of 25 ◦C is presented in Table 4 and Tables S7–S9. The characteristics curve of current-voltage and power-voltage for solar PV module is redrawn based on best optimized parameters obtained by implementing the WOAPSO algorithm at a different level of irradiance, i.e., 1000 W/m<sup>2</sup> , 870 W/m<sup>2</sup> , 720 W/m<sup>2</sup> , and 630 W/m<sup>2</sup> and is depicted in Figure 5. It is found that the calculated data obtained by the WOAPSO is very effectively in keeping with the experimental data set. The curve of IAE between experimental and estimated values at 1000 W/m<sup>2</sup> , 870 W/m<sup>2</sup> , 720 W/m<sup>2</sup> , and 630 W/m<sup>2</sup> , is shown in Figure 6.

**Table 4.** Comparison of proposed WOAPSO with different parameter estimation methods for SS2018P PV module (1000 W/m<sup>2</sup> ).


(Ω) (Ω)

> 1.68 × 10 −1

1.51 × 10 −3

1.59 × 10 −1

**(Ω) (Ω)**

–

5.13 × 10 −3 7.82 × 10 −4 3.22 × 10 −3 7.6714 × 10

−4

2.03 × 10 −3

3.18 × 10 −3

1.60 × 10 −3

2.90 × 10 −3

4.30 × 10 −3

1.48 × 10 −1

9.8412 × 10

−4

**Figure 5.** Characteristics curve of simulated and experimental values at different level of irradiance (**a**) I-V curve and (**b**) P-V curve for single-diode model of SS2018P PV module. Symbols represent the estimated data while the solid lines represent the measured data.

**Figure 6.** Internal absolute error between measured and simulated current for single-diode model of SS2018P PV module at different level of irradiance.
