*4.3. Robustness and Statistics Analysis*

This section presents the statistical evaluation based on mean, minimum, maximum, and standard deviation of the RMSE for all previously implemented methods and comparison concerning precision and consistency of the distinct algorithms in a total of thirty runs, as depicted in Table 4. The mean of the RMSE is calculated to evaluate the precision of the algorithms, and the standard deviation is calculated to evaluate the consistency of the parameter estimation methods.

**Table 4.** Statistical results of the root mean square error (RMSE) of different algorithms for Photowatt-PWP201 PV Modules.


In Table 4, it is depicted that the proposed TSA algorithm significantly outperforms the GSA, PSOGSA, SCA, and WOA algorithms for the solar PV module model. The statistical results presented in Table 4 indicate that TSA is the most accurate and reliable parameter optimization technique.
