*4.2. Convergence Analysis*

The convergence analysis was performed to examine the computational competence of the TSA. The convergence curves of the solar PV module are presented in Figure 5. It is depicted in Figure 5 that the TSA algorithm outperforms the GSA, PSOGSA, SCA, and WOA algorithms in terms of convergence speed and generates a precise solution for the identical number of function evaluations (i.e., 50,000).

**Figure 5.** Convergence curve of TSA (Tunicate swarm algorithm) and the other four algorithms for single-diode model of Photowatt-PWP201 PV (Photovoltaic) Module.
