*3.2. WOAPSO for Parameter Estimation of Double-Diode Model*

In the case of DDM, the seven parameters (Ip, Isd, Isd1 , a1, a2, Rs, Rsh) are required to be optimized. The values of optimized parameters and minimum of RMSE are presented in Table 3. The characteristics curve in terms of current-voltage and power-voltage for the double-diode model is redrawn based on the best optimized parameters (Figure 4). It can be observed that the estimated data based on optimized parameters are in keeping with the experimental data set.

**Table 3.** Comparison of WOAPSO with different parameter estimation methods for DDM.


**Figure 4.** I-V and P-V characteristics curve for estimated and experimental values for double-diode model of R.T.C France solar cell.
