*4.2. Parameter Extraction of the SS2018P PV Module*

To properly assess the efficacy of the STO algorithm, parameters for the SS2018P PV module were computed at 1000 W/m<sup>2</sup> and 25 °C, using the SDM model. The values of simulated current and power with their IAE are tabulated in Table 4. Table 5 shows the optimized value of all five parameters (*Ip*, *Isd*, *a*, *R<sup>s</sup>* , *Rsh*) for SDM of the PV module at standard temperature condition. Figure 4 depicts a redrawn I-V and P-V characteristics curve for a single-diode model based on the optimum optimized parameters achieved by

executing the STO method. It was observed that the simulated data provided by the STO was extremely closely related to the experimental data set.

**Table 3.** Comparison between the STO and other algorithms for parameter estimation techniques for R.T.C France solar cell.


**Figure 3.** The simulated and experimental I-V and P-V characteristics curves for the single-diode model of the R.T.C France solar cell. Symbols indicate measured data, while solid lines indicate optimized data.
