**5. Discussion**

The TSA algorithm is successfully developed and implemented for parameter extraction of the polycrystalline Photowatt-PWP201 PV module. The I-V and P-V curves obtained by the optimization process show excellent accord with the measured data. The IAE values (both current and power) validate the exactness of the optimized parameters. The statistical evaluation confirms that the standard deviation is very small, which confirms that the TSA is an accurate and useful parameter estimation technique. The average execution time of every algorithm on the Photowatt-PWP201 PV module is established and introduced in Figure 6. Compared to GSA, PSOGSA, SCA, and WOA, TSA requires a much lower time of about 11 s, while PSOGSA has the worst execution time of about 40 s. The Friedman ranking test results are shown in Figure 7. The best ranking is obtained by the TSA, followed by SCA, WOA, GSA, and PSOGSA.

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**Figure 6.** Comparison of the execution time of different metaheuristic algorithms.

**Figure 7.** Ranking of TSA (Tunicate swarm algorithm) and other compared algorithms on Photowatt-PWP201 PV panel module according to the Friedman test.
