**5. Conclusions**

In this study, the STO algorithm was employed to assess the parameters of the R.T.C France solar panel and the SS2018 polycrystalline PV module at typical temperature condi-

tions. The single-diode model theory was considered for parameter estimation. We also want to point out that the STO method was being used for the parameter estimation of PV models for the first time. The main observations of this study are as follows:


According to the preceding discussion, the STO is an efficient and reliable technique for estimating the unknown optimum parameters of a solar PV module model under typical operating conditions.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization: A.S. (Abhishek Sharma), A.S. (Abha Singh), and M.R.; methodology and formal analysis: A.S. (Abhishek Sharma), A.K.M., and A.B.; investigation, A.S. (Abha Singh), A.S. (Abhishek Sharma), and A.B.; writing—original draft preparation, A.S. (Abha Singh), A.S. (Abhishek Sharma), A.K.M., and A.B.; writing—review and editing, A.S. (Abhishek Sharma), and S.R.; supervision, fund acquisition M.R., A.B. and S.R. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research received no external funding.

**Data Availability Statement:** The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.

**Acknowledgments:** Authors are thankful to anonymous reviewers and editors for their suggestions.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
