*4.2. Convergence Analysis*

Figure 4 describes the convergence curve for the Ballard Mark V PEMFC to evaluate the computational capability of the OBAOA technique. Figure 4 shows that the developed OBAOA algorithm significantly outperformed the AOA, PSO, GSA, and AO algorithms in terms of convergence speed and produces a realistic solution for the same number of function evaluations (i.e., 1000).

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**Table 6.** Estimated values of voltage and power for Ballard Mark V PEMFC.

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**Figure 3.** Evaluation between the experimental and the simulated data produced by OBAOA technique for Ballard Mark V PEMFC.

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**Figure 4.** Convergence graph of different algorithms for Ballard Mark V fuel cell.

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The minimum value of SSE is produced by OBAOA. The values of SSE are 9.03 <sup>×</sup> <sup>10</sup>−<sup>4</sup> , 2.16 <sup>×</sup> <sup>10</sup>−<sup>3</sup> , 1.489 <sup>×</sup> <sup>10</sup>−<sup>3</sup> , 1.665 <sup>×</sup> <sup>10</sup><sup>2</sup> , and 1.985 <sup>×</sup> <sup>10</sup><sup>2</sup> , respectively for OBAOA, AOA, PSO, GSA, and AO.
