*3.3. Comparison of Mental Health and Sleep Factors after Adjustment for Covariates*

Due to the low frequency of occurrence, the analysis did not take into account coronary heart diseases, heart failure, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

The analysis of the univariable logistic regression model showed that a diagnosis of SLE was associated with a much higher risk of elevated anxiety on the GAD-7 scale (OR = 3.443; *p* < 0.001), depression on the PHQ-9 scale (OR = 4.095; *p* < 0.001), and sleep disorders on the ISI scale (OR = 5.032; *p* < 0.001). After the results were adjusted by age, gender, and diagnosis of the following diseases: hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and cigarette smoking, the increased risk of anxiety on the GAD-7 scale (OR = 3.683; *p* < 0.001), depression on the PHQ-9 scale (OR = 4.183; *p* < 0.001), and sleep disorders on the ISI scale (OR = 6.781; *p* < 0.001) were confirmed. The results are presented in Table 3.

**Table 3.** Logistic regression model of the severity of mental health disorders in patients with and without systemic lupus erythematosus.


Abbreviations: GAD-7—Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale; PHQ-9—Patient Health Questionnaire, ISI—Insomnia Severity Index, *p*—statistical significance, OR—odds ratio, CI—confidence interval. Notes: Potentially distorting data (age, gender, diagnosed hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and cigarette smoking).
