*2.2. Instruments*

The adaptation by Kirchner and Forns [23] of the Coping Responses Inventory—Adult Form (CRI-A) by Moos [17] was used. The inventory consists of 48 items on a Likert scale of 0 to 3 (0 = never; 1 = rarely, 2 = occasionally; 3 = very frequently) evaluating eight factors (six items per factor; minimum score = 0; maximum score = 18) or coping responses: (1) Logical analysis (LA): cognitive attempts to understand and mentally prepare to cope with a stressor and its consequences. (2) Positive reappraisal (PR): cognitive attempts to construct and restructure a problem in a positive manner while accepting the reality of the situation. (3) Seeking guidance and support (SG): behavioural attempts to seek out information, support and guidance. (4) Problem solving (PS): behavioural attempts to carry out actions leading to the root of the problem. (5) Cognitive avoidance (CA): cognitive attempts to avoid thinking about the problem realistically. (6) Acceptance or resignation (AR): cognitive attempts to respond to the problem by accepting it. (7) Seeking alternative rewards (SR): behavioural attempts to engage in alternative activities and create new sources of satisfaction. (8) Emotional discharge (ED): behavioural attempts to reduce tension by expressing negative feelings. The LA, PR, CA and AR strategies relate to the cognitive dimension of coping, whereas SG, PS, SR and ED relate to the behavioural dimension. The LA, PR, SG and PS coping responses are considered approach strategies, while the CA, AR, SR and ED responses are considered avoidance strategies.

Kirchner and Forns [23] reviewed and validated the psychometric properties of the questionnaire in its Spanish version in line with the coping responses proposed by Moos [17], who notes that individuals tend to respond to a specific situation in either a cognitive or behavioural manner, with a focus on approach or avoidance strategies [24]. Table 1 summarises the response types in relation to the eight factors of the CRI-A:


**Table 1.** Coping responses according to Moos (source: Pujada [24]).

In relation to reliability, values are similar to those from the CRIA-A adaptation study [23]. Cronbach's alpha's values (α) of all eight strategies were between 0.61 and 0.73, presenting a lower value than expected for the AL factor (α = 0.61). All four dimensions cognitive (α = 0.72), behavioural (α > 0.71), approach (α = 0.83) and avoidance (α = 0.71) obtained acceptable values.
