2.2.4. Section IV. Beck's Depression Inventory II (BDI-II)

The BDI-II is a 21-item instrument that assesses the presence and severity of unipolar depressive symptoms. A standardized and validated Arabic version of the BDI-II was used [14]. In Beck's Depression Inventory, individuals rate each statement on a 0 to 3 scale according to how well it describes how they have felt over the past two weeks [15]. A sample item is as follows: "Sadness: 0 = I do not feel sad; 1 = I feel sad much of the time; 2 = I am sad all the time; 3 = I am so sad or unhappy that I can't stand it". Total scores were calculated by summing the score of each item. Higher scores indicated greater depression symptoms. In the current study, the value of Cronbach's alpha coefficient was excellent [14,16,17]. Depression was classified according to the BD-II score into mild, moderate, and severe [14].
