3.1.1. Women

A total of 22.8% of all women reported being slightly more easily angry/aggressive, compared to 6.7% reporting feeling slightly less easily angry/aggressive. Furthermore, 7.5% of all women reported experiencing way more anger and aggression, compared to 6.3% experiencing way less. Of those women, who experienced way more anger and aggression, 66.2% directed their anger and aggression at others, while 33.8% directed it at themselves.

### 3.1.2. Men

Additionally, 20.2% of all men reported being slightly more easily angry/aggressive, compared to 7.6% reporting feeling slightly less easily angry/aggressive. In addition, 2.6% of all men reported experiencing way more anger and aggression, compared to 4.8% experiencing way less. Of those men, who experienced way more anger and aggression, 71.9% directed their anger and aggression at others, while 28.1% directed it at themselves.

Most importantly, 5% of all participants (5.1% of all women and 4.1% of all men) reported experiencing interpersonal violence (IPV) on a verbal (98% of all women and 100% of all men who experienced IPV), physical (38.4% of all women and 63.6% of all men who experienced IPV), or a sexual (26.5% of all women and 50% of all men who experienced IPV) level. In case of verbal violence, 76.8% of all women and 78.2% of all men reported experiencing more verbal violence lately. Regarding physical violence, 14.5% of all women and 21.4% of all men reported experiencing increased levels and, in case of sexual violence, 2.6% of all women but none of the men reported experiencing increased sexual violence lately. Of note, Bonferroni-Holm-adjusted calculation of gender differences revealed more experience of physical violence in men (U = 1206, *p* < 0.05), even though the effect size demonstrates a small effect with *r* = 0.18.

Pastime. While women reported to mostly spend their time doing household chores (65.2%), cooking (54%), and watching movies/TV (50.1%), men reported to mostly spend their time watching movies/TV (51.9%), working (47.3%), and doing household chores (46.6%) (also see Table 1).



*Notes*. *n* = 3545, *n* = 2946 female, *n* = 539 male.

Pre-existing mental and physical health conditions. The results show that 24.7% of participants reported pre-existing mental health issues. In order to analyze the impact on our outcome measures, we compared participants with and without mental disease. Bonferroni-Holm-adjusted calculation of differences revealed more anxiety and depression (PHQ-4) in participants with pre-existing mental conditions (U = 548645, *p* < 0.001) with a small to medium effect with *r* = 0.39. Moreover, Bonferroni-Holm-adjusted calculation of differences revealed lower well-being (WHO-5) in participants with pre-existing mental conditions (U = 582613, *p* < 0.001) with a small to medium effect with *r* = 0.37. Furthermore, Bonferroni-Holm-adjusted calculation of differences revealed a lower sense of coherence (SOC-L9) in participants with pre-existing mental conditions (U = 378028, *p* < 0.001) with a

small to medium effect with *r* = 0.44. Additionally, Bonferroni-Holm-adjusted calculation of differences revealed worse coping in participants with pre-existing mental conditions (U = 830145, *p* < 0.001), even though the effect size demonstrates a small effect with *r* = 0.23. Lastly, Bonferroni-Holm-adjusted calculation of differences revealed more stress (PHQ stress module) in participants with pre-existing mental conditions (U = 933171, *p* < 0.05), even though the effect size demonstrates a very small effect with *r* = 0.04 (also see Tables 2–4). Pre-existing physical health conditions were reported by 36.7% of participants. Although we found statistically significant differences for outcome measures between participants with and without pre-existing physical health conditions, the effect sizes indicate negligible effects (see Tables S1–S3).

**Table 2.** Mann-Whitney-U-tests for group differences between participants with (WMHC) and without (WOMHC) pre-existing mental health conditions.


*Notes*. *<sup>a</sup>* = with mental health condition, *n* = 877, *<sup>b</sup>* = without mental health condition, *n* = 2651. PHQ-4 = Patient Health Questionnaire-4, WHO-5 = WHO-5 Well-being Index, SOC-L9 = Sense of Coherence Scale–short form Leipzig, PHQ stress module = Patient Health Questionnaire stress module.

**Table 3.** Means and standard deviations for PHQ-4, WHO-5, SOC-L9, and PHQ stress module for participants with (WMHC) and without (WOMHC) pre-existing mental health conditions.


*Notes*. *<sup>a</sup>* = with mental health condition, *n* = 877 *<sup>b</sup>* = without mental health condition, *n* = 2651. PHQ-4 = Patient Health Questionnaire-4, PHQ stress module = Patient Health Questionnaire stress module, WHO-5 = WHO-5 Well-being Index, SOC-L9 = Sense of Coherence Scale–short form Leipzig.

**Table 4.** Answers for item Coping (in percentage) for participants with (WMHC) and without (WOMHC) pre-existing mental health conditions.


*Notes*. *<sup>a</sup>* = with mental health condition, *n* = 877 *<sup>b</sup>* = without mental health condition, *n* = 2651.

#### *3.2. Qualitative Data*

What does help you during the COVID-19 pandemic? With 35.3%, participants mainly reported finding comfort in their families (including partner and children). Talking to others (18.3%), friends (17.3%), exercise (15.5%), and staying active/occupied and distracted (14.9%) were also perceived as helpful (also see Table 5).


**Table 5.** What does help you during the COVID-19 \* pandemic?

*Notes*. We will report data up to 3%. *n* = 3545 with *n* = 606 not stated, percentage related to remaining *n* = 2939. \* Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 disease.

Opportunities stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic. The biggest perceived opportunity stemming from the current pandemic seems to be appreciation/thankfulness (19.6%). Moreover, participants believed that environmental and climate protection (16.1%) as well as reevaluation and rethinking current values (15.1%) and solidarity/willingness to help (11.4%) might be positive outcomes. Beyond, participants named health care system (9.2%), society/community (7.8%), and together (7.4%) as opportunities stemming from the ongoing pandemic (see Table 6).

**Table 6.** Opportunities stemming from the COVID-19 \* pandemic.


*Notes*. We will report data up to 3%. *n* = 3545 with *n* = 723 not stated, percentage related to remaining *n* = 2822. \* Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 disease.
