*4.4. Cardiovascular and Pre-Frailty Risk Assessment Scores*

We proposed the non-linear method to quantify the Cardiovascular and Pre-Frailty Risk based on the following digital biomarkers: daily steps, resting heart rate, sleep duration, and age. The method is based on scoring each parameter on a 2-point scale. The scores 5.5 and above are considered increased cardiovascular and pre-frailty risk. A specialist geriatrician was asked to assess the increased cardiovascular and pre-frailty risk. Our findings suggest that shelter-in-place measures increased cardiovascular and pre-frailty risk scores in the majority of participants. Cardiovascular and Pre-Frailty Risk Scores of subjects were shown in Table 4.


**Legend:** N—no, Y—yes.


**Figure 9.** The comparison of the average sleep time in the analyzed periods among younger participants (*p* = 0.441).

**Figure 10.** A comparison of the average sleep time between reference and self-isolation for all study participants (*p* = 0.499).

**Figure 11.** The comparison of the average sleep time in the analyzed periods among older participants (*p* = 0.008).

#### **5. Discussion**

Over the past decade, we witnessed the development of wearable devices equipped with biometric sensors, such as smartwatches or fitness trackers, which are ubiquitous in the lives of active people who focus on fitness and exercise. Smartwatches are able to measure heart rate, falls or number of steps accurately. We believe that these parameters contain important diagnostic or screening information that can be used in clinical practice, in particular as a basis for teleconsultation with a primary care physician and may indicate an early stage of the disease.
