*2.4. Statistical Analysis*

Descriptive statistics were used to evaluate sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge, attitudes, and practices, additional health information, and spiritual variables between groups, and results are presented as frequencies (*n*) and percentages (%). The percentage of responses was determined according to the total respondents per response for the total question. Continuous variables are presented as the mean and standard deviation (SD) and were evaluated using an independent *t*-test or one-way ANOVA. Absolute values for skewness and kurtosis were used to assess normality of the data; skewness value of 1.779 and kurtosis value of 3.716 indicated a normal distribution [39]. Multicollinearity was calculated using a variance inflation factor (VIF) of <10 [40]. This analysis had a maximum VIF of 2.51, suggesting that the results had low multicollinearity effects. The adjusted beta-coefficients with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were obtained by performing a multiple linear regression for anxiety related to exposures of interest (spirituality, knowledge, attitudes, and practices) after adjusting for potential confounding variables, including gender, age, ethnicity, region, marital status, religion, educational level, whether the participant was living with family or alone, and the source of health information (family members, professional health education, or online and offline media). SPSS Version 25.0 (Chicago, IL, USA) was used for all statistical analyses, and a *p* value of <0.05 indicated statistically significant.
