*2.1. Participants*

The sample consisted of 1512 students whose age ranged between 18–51 (M = 20.06, SD = 3.05), most of whom were female (*n* = 1038, 68.65%). The target population was comprised of undergraduates from 18 Ukrainian universities located in 11 cities: Kyiv (National Aviation University, National University of Food Technologies), Kharkiv (Yaroslav Mudryi National University, Kharkiv National Kotlyarevsky University of Arts), Lviv (Lviv Polytechnic National University, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Lviv State University of Physical Culture named after Ivan Boberskyj), Drohobych (Drohobych Ivan Franko State Pedagogical University), Ternopil (Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University), Lutsk (Lesya Ukrainka Eastern European National University, Lutsk National Technical University), Mykolaiv (Petro Mohyla Black Sea National University, Mykolaiv V.O.Sukhomlynskyi National University), Poltava (National University "Yuri Kondratyuk Poltava Polytechnic"), Cherkasy (Bohdan Khmelnytsky Cherkasy National University), Chernivtsi (Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University), and Ivano-Frankivsk (Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University). Territorially, the study covered 10 of the 27 Ukrainian regions. Students represented various university majors at various levels of higher education. Table 1 outlines the demographic characteristics of the sample (age, gender, faculty, and level, year, and type of study).


**Table 1.** Demographic characteristics of the study sample.

The total number of students in Ukraine is about 1.5 million people. According to state statistics in Ukraine [53], the largest group consists of state institutions of higher education (universities, academies, institutes, colleges, technical schools, colleges), amounting to 456 institutions (381 when excluding separate units); there are 191 private institutions 191 (140 when excluding separate units). The number

of institutions of the highest level of accreditation (universities, institutes, academies) was 282, with 78 private institutions at this level. Of the total number of students, 400,000 are in extramural study and 106,000 are in private higher education institutions. Approximately 90% of students in universities, institutes, and academies are aged 17–24 years.

There are more females in higher education. This trend at universities has been stable over the past ten years [53]. With regard to study majors, constant changes began in higher education from 2015. The available statistics [53,54] offer only a partial understanding of the structure of student distribution by field of study. The majority of students choose social sciences (38.3%); natural sciences (6.4%); engineering, architecture, and construction (19–21%); education and pedagogy (8%); service industries (6.9%); and health and social security (8%).

In the present survey, we tried to avoid questions concerning ethnicity (Ukrainian, Russian) due to the military actions in eastern Ukraine provoked and initiated by the Russian Federation. The questionnaire was written in Ukrainian and was intended only for local students who spoke Ukrainian at the native speakers' level. According to national statistics [55], 96.2% of young people aged 18–29 consider themselves ethnic Ukrainians, 2.8% Russians, and 0.7% of other nationalities. For 2019, the number of international students did not exceed 5%. Among students of other nationalities (foreign students) studying in Ukraine are citizens from India (*n* = 14,958), Morocco (*n* = 7390), Azerbaijan (*n* = 6228), Turkmenistan (*n* = 5033), Nigeria (*n* = 3552), Egypt (*n* = 3412), Turkey (*n* = 3254), China (*n* = 2721), Israel (*n* = 2460), and Georgia (*n* = 2397) [53]. Most international students traditionally choose Ukrainian medical colleges and universities, but we did not collect data from students in this type of higher education.
