*3.2. Psychopathological Outcomes*

Medical professionals more often met the criterion for the presence of relevant psychopathological symptoms (a GHQ-28 total score > 24) than the non-medical group (60.8% vs. 48.0%, respectively). Moreover, they had also significantly higher GHQ-28 scores (all subscales and the total score) than the

other participants (Table 2). The observed statistical power for detecting between-group differences in the GHQ-28 scores was as follows: 64.8% for severe depression, 100% for somatic symptoms, 100% for anxiety and insomnia, 64.5% for social dysfunction and 100% for the GHQ-28 total score. The ANCOVA revealed a significant effect of group (medical vs. non-medical professionals) on the level of somatic symptoms, anxiety and insomnia as well as the GHQ-28 total score after co-varying for the effects of potential confounding factors (Table 3). There were significant independent effects of sex in all the ANCOVA models. The effect of age appeared to be significant in the ANCOVA model testing that included the GHQ-28 total score, the anxiety and insomnia domain and the depression domain as a dependent variable. In turn, the effect of having children was independently negatively associated with the depression score, while the reports of caring for a disabled person were significantly associated with the GHQ-28 score for somatic symptoms. There was also a significant and independent effect of shift work on the score for the somatic symptoms domain. Finally, the effect of group appeared to be non-significant in the ANCOVA models that included the GHQ-28 scores for social dysfunction and depression.

**Table 2.** Measures of psychopathology in medical professionals and individuals representing non-medical professions.


GHQ-28, General Health Questionnaire-28. Data expressed as *n* (%) or mean (SD).

**Table 3.** Psychopathological expressions in medical and non-medical professionals after adjustment for potential confounding factors.


Significant effects (*p* < 0.05) are marked in bold.
