**3. Results**

#### *3.1. Self-Report Questionnaires*

For the DASS-21 test, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test revealed a significant increase in the mean percentage of anxiety (T0: mean = 19.5, SD = 7.2; T1: mean = 42.7, SD = 10.2; Z = −10.47; *p* < 0.001), depression (T0: mean = 23.6, SD = 8.5; T1: mean = 50.2, SD = 10.3; Z = −10.67; *p* < 0.001), and stress levels (T0: mean = 33.7, SD = 8.1; T1: mean = 79.1, SD = 10.2; Z = −10.65; *p* < 0.001) between T0 (pre-) and T1 (after confinement) (Figure 1). Moreover, the comparison of the mean score obtained at T1 for each domain of the DASS-21 to normative data confirmed an increased level of anxiety, depression, and stress, which reached the level of "severe" (Table 1).

In parallel, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test revealed a significant increase in the mean percentage of responses for both the prospective (T0: mean = 41.4, SD = 6.9; T1: mean = 51.6, SD = 6.8; Z = −9.96; *p* < 0.001) and the retrospective memory (T0: mean = 43.5, SD = 4.8; T1: mean = 52.4, SD = 7.4; Z = −10.02; *p* < 0.001) (Figure 2), which suggests an overall increase in the participants' self-reported failures in their memory abilities during the

confinement. The comparison of the PM performance at T1 to normative data confirmed the above results (Table 2).

**Figure 1.** Mean percentage of responses for anxiety, depression, and stress scales (DASS-21) at two time-points: one month before (T0) and one month after the COVID-19 confinement (T1). \* *p* < 0.001 T0 vs. T1.

**Table 1.** The mean scores of the anxiety, depression, and stress scale (DASS-21) at T1 compared to normative data [60].


SD, standard deviation.

**Figure 2.** Mean percentage of responses for prospective and retrospective memory scales (PRMQ) at two time-points: one month before (T0) and one month after the COVID-19 confinement (T1). \* *p* < 0.001 T0 vs. T1.

**Table 2.** The mean scores of the prospective memory scale (PRMQ) at T1 compared to normative data [64].


ND, normative data; SD, standard deviation. \* *p* < 0.001.

## *3.2. Cognitive Tests*

In the PASAT test, the Mann–Whitney U test revealed a significant decrease in the participants' performance (mean = 29.7, SD = 5.2; Z = −14.99; *p* < 0.001) at T1 compared to normative data (T0) [62] (Figure 3). Similarly, we found a significant decrease in PM (mean = 38.3, SD = 5.3; Z = −9.66; *p* < 0.001) by comparing the MIST results at T1 to its normative data (T0) [63] (Figure 4). In addition, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test showed a significant dissociation between event-based (mean = 7.1, SD = 1.2) and time-based (mean = 5.6, SD = 1.2) intentions in the MIST test, with lower scores in the time-based dimension with respect to the event-based tasks (Z = −8.12; *p* < 0.001) (Figure 5).
