**3. Results**

Demographics. A total of 3545 volunteers took part in this cross-sectional survey. Mean age was M = 40.36 years, standard deviation (SD) = 11.70, *n* = 2946 (83.1%) female, *n* = 539 (15.2%) male, *n* = 60 (1.7%) diverse or missing), mean educational years 15.87 (SD = 4.19), 30.6% held a university degree, 9.9% were unemployed, and 23.9% reported living alone. Acute or chronic disease was reported by 36.7% (physical) and 24.7% (mental) of subjects. Mean duration for completion of the survey was at M = 1134.53 seconds (18.9 min) (SD = 575.35 seconds, 9.6 min). Due to the imbalanced gender distribution, we will report further results separately for women and men.

Depression, Anxiety, and Distress. Depression and anxiety as assessed by PHQ-4 was at M = 3.91 (SD = 3.05) for women and at M = 3.21 (SD = 2.86) for men. Reference samples show mean scores of M = 1.71 (SD = 2.19) for women and M = 1.31 (SD = 1.88) for men [25]. Thus, PHQ-4 scores were significantly higher in our sample for both genders ((*t*(4254) = −23.66, *p* < 0.001) for women and (*t*(1700) = −16.28, *p* < 0.001) for men with Bonferroni-Holm-adjustment). Psychosocial distress as measured with the PHQ stress module was at M = 6.40 (SD = 3.88) for women and at M = 6.19 (SD = 4.00) for men, implying mild psychosocial distress (range 5–9) for both genders. The mean well-being score (WHO-5) was at M = 51.44 (SD = 23.88) for women and at M = 47.52 (SD = 22.52) for men (range 0–100). Healthy individuals usually score at M = 75.00 and subjects with major depression usually score at M = 37.50 (WHO, 1998) [26]. Brähler et al. [27] reported the following values for the psychometric validation and standardization of the WHO-5 German version: M = 72.6, SD = 4.90 for men and M = 68.28, SD = 4.98 for women. See Figures 1 and 2. Bonferroni-Holm-adjusted calculation of gender differences revealed higher scores for depression and anxiety (*t*(3459) = 4.93, *p* < 0.001), but also a higher well-being score ((*t*(3451) = 3.52, *p* < 0.001)) in women. Effect sizes reported as Cohen's d, however, demonstrate small effects with *d* = 0.24 for depression and anxiety and *d* = 0.17 for well-being.

Sense of Coherence and Coping. Sense of coherence as measured with SOC-L9 was at M = 41.77 (SD = 10.07) for women and at M = 44.11 (SD = 9.71) for men. Reference samples show mean scores of M = 46.70 (SD = 9.00) for women and M = 48.50 (SD = 8.80) for men [28]. Thus, SOC-L9 scores were significantly lower in our sample for both genders (*t*(3756) = 14.17, *p* < 0.001), for women (*t*(1372) = 8.56, *p* < 0.001), and for men with Bonferroni-Holm-adjustment). The majority of subjects (58.1% women, 70.3% men) indicated very good or fairly subjective coping with the pandemic and the corresponding measures, while 28.7% women and 18.2% men indicated poor or very poor subjective coping. Bonferroni-Holm-adjusted calculation of gender differences revealed poorer subjective coping (U = 678156, *p* < 0.001) and lower sense of coherence (*t*(3125) = −4.75, *p* < 0.001) in women. Effect sizes reported as Cohen's d and Pearson's r, however, demonstrate small effects with *d* = 0.24 for sense of coherence and *r* = 0.1 for coping.

Sleeping, Eating, and Sexual Activity. Using comparative questions, 46.5% of all women and 39.5% of all men indicated worsened sleep compared to pre-pandemic times. Bonferroni-Holm-adjusted calculation of gender differences revealed poorer sleep quality in women (U = 740746, *p* < 0.05), even though the effect size shows a small effect (*r* = 0.05). Of all women, 29.2% reported eating less healthy, compared to 18.9% reporting eating healthier. Moreover, 38.1% reported eating more, compared to 16.2% reporting eating less. Of all men, 23.6% reported eating less healthy, compared to 18% reporting eating healthier. Moreover, 26.3% reported eating more, compared to 14.5% reporting eating less. Regarding sexual activity, 20.5% of all women reported having less sexual intercourse, compared to 7.5% reporting having more sexual intercourse. Of all men, 20.4% reported having less sexual intercourse, compared to 7.4% reporting having more sexual intercourse. Furthermore, 21.6% of all women reported decreased sexual contentment, compared to 4.6% reporting increased sexual contentment. Of all men, 29.5% reported decreased sexual contentment, compared to 4.1% reporting increased sexual contentment.

**Figure 1.** Anxiety and Depression (Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-4)): Means and standard deviation of PHQ-4 score for depression and anxiety for women and men in the reference and survey sample.

**Figure 2.** Well-being (WHO-Five Well-Being Index (WHO-5)): Means and standard deviation of WHO-5 well-being score for women and men in reference and survey sample.
