*2.3. Statistical Analysis*

In regard to goals 1 and 2 of the study, analyses of variance (ANOVA) were run through the Statistical Program for Social Sciences (SPSS) (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 24.0. IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) to investigate parental distress and parental perception of children EFs as a function of independent variables, such as parental and children's variables; the independent variables were parental characteristics (age, education, job, working condition during the lockdown, couples' conditions, psychological support needs) as well as children's characteristics (age, order of birth and typical/atypical patterns of development) whilst the dependent variables were the scores on BR2 subscales (global scale, common antecedents subscale and specific antecedents subscale) and EF-SR questionnaire subscales, respectively (total EF, working memory, inhibition, shifting, planning and attentional control). For the analysis of variance, the parental gender variable was not considered, because the sample consisted of 90.3% mothers. The partial eta square was used to estimate effect size, and in according with Cohen (1988), was interpreted as small (0.01 < η<sup>2</sup> <sup>p</sup> ≤0.06), medium (0.06 < <sup>η</sup><sup>2</sup> <sup>p</sup> ≤ 0.14), and large (η<sup>2</sup> p > 0.14). Moreover, in about one-third of the study, correlation analyses were performed by Pearson's correlation coefficient, to assess the association between parental distress and parental perception of children's EF; subsequently, considering the correlational data, a linear regression analysis was performed with the stepwise method.
