*2.2. Procedure*

All students selected were in the fourth year of the degree of nursing. The study excluded those who did not perform the practicum in healthcare centers, since they did not experience the same situations.

To calculate the sample size, we determined the minimum sample required to estimate a parameter with a proportion of 0.50 (scenario with the greatest sample requirement) in a population of unknown size. Taking these data into account, and considering a 95% confidence level, 10% precision, and 5% of possible losses during the process of data cleansing, we calculated that the minimum sample size for this study would be 120 individuals. However, to carry out more complex analyses that involve the segmentation of the sample into subgroups of individuals, we decided to obtain a sample of around 400 individuals.

The data were gathered through self-administered questionnaires. The fieldwork began on 10 March 2021 and was terminated on 23 April 2021. The questionnaire was sent in a crucial moment of the pandemic, where the number of cases increased constantly and severe restrictions were established.

Student representatives of universities of different European and South American countries were contacted through social networks and via email and telephone. Representatives distributed the questionnaires among the final-year students of the degree of nursing who agreed to participate voluntarily. The format of the instrument was developed using Google Forms and the data were gathered directly from said platform.

Written informed consent was obtained from all participants for the publication and analysis of the data. Participant anonymity was guaranteed, thus complying with the current regulations on user data protection, specified in Organic Law 3/2018, of 5 December, on the Protection of Personal Data and the Guarantee of Digital Rights. Moreover, the formal aspects of the declaration of Helsinki were considered at all times. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Huelva (code: MG-COV-2021-02; internal code: 0742-N-21).
