**2. Methods**

### *2.1. Study Design and Population*

Primary data were collected using a community-based cross-sectional study design to select members of the general population in 17 provinces from western, central, and eastern regions of Indonesia. Convenience sampling was carried out by distributing an online survey through a Google Form link via WhatsApp, Instagram, Facebook, and Twitter, which are the most popular and accessible social media platforms in Indonesia. While Instagram and Twitter are more popular among the younger generation, Facebook is generally preferred by older Indonesians. We utilized different approaches to targeting as many respondents as possible from across the region during the 7 April–30 May 2020 data collection period. This involves relying on researchers' technical and personal networks and engaging with and sharing the survey through social media influencers and community lenders. The inclusion criteria to fill in the Google form were: Indonesian civilian, adult aged 17~65 years, able to speak Bahasa Indonesia, and willing to fill out the informed consent form. We reached 1114 participants through the Google form. We excluded 32 participants because they had duplicate responses when filling out the survey. The final sample size was 1082 participants.
