2.2.1. Depression, Anxiety, and Stress

The Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) comprises of three subscales, with each subscale measuring self-reported depression, anxiety, and stress. Each subscale contains seven items, with a 4-point Likert scale (0–3) and Depression, Anxiety and Stress scores are calculated by summing with possible scores ranging from 0 to 21. A recent systematic review indicated acceptable psychometric properties of the DASS-21 scores [60]. Cronbach's alpha values of 0.81 and 0.89 are report for the Depression and Anxiety subscales, respectively. The alpha value for the Stress subscale was observed at 0.78, which is considered "fair" [61].
