**5. Conclusions**

Spatial and temporal data of remotely estimated crop growth or soil variation measurements from satellites can be used to delineate zones at the village level that explain a reasonable amount of the variation in measured soil variables. In this study on winter wheat, the GNDVI was collected around flowering for 10 years in order to identify spatial and temporal patterns of crop yield. The subdivision of the village into three zones will be optimal for the NCP villages because it tends to cluster many fields into few zones that are easy to manage in situations where low mechanization is the norm. The next step is to develop a system-based DSS that will help to translate the zoning into site-specific agronomic managemen<sup>t</sup> prescriptions in terms of planting dates and fertilizer amount and timing.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, Y.M. and D.C.; methodology, L.W., Y.M., D.C., W.D.B.; data analysis: L.W., H.Z.; image processing, L.W., soil data sampling: H.Z., Y.L.; writing—original draft preparation, D.C.; writing—review and editing, Y.M., W.D.B., L.W., H.Z., Y.L., D.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This project was funded by the Agri Tech in China Newton Network+ (ATCNN) and Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs (SINOGRAIN II, CHN-17/0019).

**Acknowledgments:** We thank Hu Kelin and Li Baoguo from China Agricultural University and Yong He from the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science for providing the spatial soil texture information of the Village. We would like to thank Shuhua Zhang and other students at the Wangzhuang Science and Technology Backyard for soil sampling and analysis. We also thank the three anonymous reviewers that helped improving the manuscript.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.
