**The Development of Winter Wheat Yield and Quality under Di** ff**erent Fertilizer Regimes and Soil-Climatic Conditions in the Czech Republic**

#### **Lukáš Hlisnikovský \*, Ladislav Menšík and Eva Kunzová \***

Crop Research Institute in Prague, Drnovská 507/73, Prague 6–Ruzynˇe, 161 06 Prague, Czech Republic; ladislav.mensik@vurv.cz

**\*** Correspondence: l.hlisnik@vurv.cz (L.H.); kunzova@vurv.cz (E.K.); Tel.: +420-233-022-216 (L.H.)

Received: 20 July 2020; Accepted: 5 August 2020; Published: 7 August 2020

**Abstract:** Farmers must adapt to the changes brought about by the changing climate and market requirements. These adaptations are associated with fertilization—the availability of organic manures and mineral fertilizers and crop rotations. What is the e ffect of organic manures on wheat and soil? Is it necessary to apply mineral phosphorus P and potassium (K) fertilizers to the wheat? These questions are frequently asked in workshops in di fferent growing areas. To provide a relevant answer on this issue, we evaluated how farmyard manure (FYM), mineral nitrogen (N) applied without phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilizers, and application of NPK a ffected grain yield, grain quality, and soil properties under di fferent soil-climate conditions (Ivanovice—Chernozem, Caslav—Phaeozem, Lukavec—Cambisol) between 2015 and 2018. The FYM significantly increased grain yield even after three years since being applied and incorporated into the soil in all localities, but its application didnot a ffect grain quality. In the soil, the FYM significantly increased total nitrogen Nt, P, and K content in all localities and oxidable carbon Cox content in two localities. Mineral nitrogen significantly a ffected grain yield and quality and increased concentrations of soil N and C, but decreased pH in Caslav. Application of mineral P and K wasnot connected with a positive e ffect on grain yield and quality, but increased the concentration of these elements in the soil, preventing depletion of these elements from the soil. Maximal yields were recorded when 70–98 kg N ha−<sup>1</sup> was applied in Ivanovice, 55–72 kg N ha−<sup>1</sup> in Caslav, and 155 kg N ha−<sup>1</sup> in Lukavec.

**Keywords:** *Triticum aestivum* L.; farmyard manure; mineral fertilizers; crude protein content; soil properties, site-specific requirements
