**Mechanical Characterization of Timber-to-Timber Composite (TTC) Joints with Self-Tapping Screws in a Standard Push-Out Setup**

#### **Chiara Bedon 1, \* , Martina Sciomenta <sup>2</sup> and Massimo Fragiacomo 2**


Received: 25 August 2020; Accepted: 16 September 2020; Published: 18 September 2020

**Abstract:** Self-tapping screws (STSs) can be efficiently used in various fastening solutions for timber constructions and are notoriously able to offer high stiffness and load-carrying capacity, compared to other timber-to-timber composite (TTC) joint typologies. The geometrical and mechanical characterization of TTC joints, however, is often hard and uncertain, due to a combination of various influencing parameters and mechanical aspects. Among others, the effects of friction phenomena between the system components and their reciprocal interaction under the imposed design loads can remarkably influence the final estimates on structural capacity, in the same way of possible variations in the boundary conditions. The use of Finite Element (FE) numerical models is well-known to represent a robust tool and a valid alternative to costly and time consuming experiments and allows one to further explore the selected load-bearing components at a more refined level. Based on previous research efforts, this paper presents an extended FE investigation based on full three-dimensional (3D) brick models and surface-based cohesive zone modelling (CZM) techniques. The attention is focused on the mechanical characterization of small-scale TTC specimens with inclined STSs having variable configurations, under a standard push-out (PO) setup. Based on experimental data and analytical models of literature, an extended parametric investigation is presented and correlation formulae are proposed for the analysis of maximum resistance and stiffness variations. The attention is then focused on the load-bearing role of the steel screws, as an active component of TTC joints, based on the analysis of sustained resultant force contributions. The sensitivity of PO numerical estimates to few key input parameters of technical interest, including boundaries, friction and basic damage parameters, is thus discussed in the paper.

**Keywords:** timber-to-timber composite (TCC) joints; push-out (PO) test setup; inclined self-tapping screws (STSs); finite-element (FE) method; cohesive zone modelling (CZM) method; boundaries; friction; sensitivity study
