2.3.1. Transport

Society is transitioning away from fossil-fueled passenger cars and commercial vehicles to the use of electric vehicles (EVs). If managed poorly, charging battery electric vehicles (BEVs) could strain electricity grids [39]. Smart charging can reduce this impact by creating a large demand response capability. One step further is vehicle-to-grid (VtG/V2G) technology which allows BEVs or fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) with hydrogen to act as networked energy storage devices [40]. In this way, an EV fleet can become a virtual power plant (VPP) that is profitable to owners and beneficial for power networks [41]. The potential to support system security [42] is driving trials with government fleets [43]. Fleet operators are one of the main stakeholders driving the electric vehicle market [44] which is an opportunity for health services looking to reduce air pollution with more environmentally friendly vehicles [45].
