**2. Knowledge-Based Urban Development of Florianópolis**

As mentioned above, KBUD is one of those contemporary terms that has been successfully applied for explaining the overall development of urban locations [17]. The model has gained popularity as it combines four main elements that are considered to be crucial (positive) to development trajectories and pathways [18]. The KBUD framework has become increasingly popular during the last two decades and was conceived in the mid-1990s [19] and has gone through a significant number of updates and detailing in contemporary literature. Because the advance of economies is being radically altered by dynamic processes of economic and territorial restructuring, supported by knowledge and innovation [20–22], the KBUD framework offers a potentially beneficial set of instruments (Figure 1), which can improve the well-being and competitiveness of cities [23,24].

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**Figure 1.** The knowledge-based urban development framework, derived from [18]. **Figure 1.** The knowledge-based urban development framework, derived from [18].

Cities (as cases) are interesting study subjects as they are always unique and different in their contextual properties. Locational awareness is fundamental in KBUD [25]. For example, people and organizations tend to follow their local and national cultures in the ways they organize, conduct, and perceive work, leisure, and, particularly, the use of (smart) services as a part of daily living rhythm. Industrial heritage and path-dependency matters as they are intertwined with the social condition of the particular urban contexts under study, Florianópolis being the case here. The growing concentration of technology companies and higher education institutions, associated with KBUD practices, has offered an opportunity to transform Florianópolis into a hub for innovation Cities (as cases) are interesting study subjects as they are always unique and different in their contextual properties. Locational awareness is fundamental in KBUD [25]. For example, people and organizations tend to follow their local and national cultures in the ways they organize, conduct, and perceive work, leisure, and, particularly, the use of (smart) services as a part of daily living rhythm. Industrial heritage and path-dependency matters as they are intertwined with the social condition of the particular urban contexts under study, Florianópolis being the case here. The growing concentration of technology companies and higher education institutions, associated with KBUD practices, has offered an opportunity to transform Florianópolis into a hub for innovation and knowledge in Brazil [26,27].

and knowledge in Brazil [26,27]. Figure 1 outlines the overall structure of the framework and mindset that is important for KBUD. Urban development is considered through four main elements, namely economic, sociocultural, spatial (or environmental), and institutional domains. These four elements provide a tested and well-functioning categorization system for empirical analyses [28]. Under this perspective, the KBUD process in Florianópolis comprises the development of innovation hubs with national relevance and impact, especially in the information technology sector. The development of these innovation districts in the city offers strong potential to produce codified and Figure 1 outlines the overall structure of the framework and mindset that is important for KBUD. Urban development is considered through four main elements, namely economic, sociocultural, spatial (or environmental), and institutional domains. These four elements provide a tested and well-functioning categorization system for empirical analyses [28]. Under this perspective, the KBUD process in Florianópolis comprises the development of innovation hubs with national relevance and impact, especially in the information technology sector. The development of these innovation districts in the city offers strong potential to produce codified and tacit knowledge, supporting a shift to the knowledge and innovation economy and boosting economic, social, and human gains [29].

tacit knowledge, supporting a shift to the knowledge and innovation economy and boosting economic, social, and human gains [29]. The spatial development category, in Figure 1, is the most important one in relation to sustainable and environmentally sound urban development. Whereas the economic approach is considered to be a straightforward assessment of economic performance in time and place, the spatial layer instead stresses the importance of quality of life and clean urban environment as a part of it [30]. There are close connections to the sociocultural dimension of KBUD as an integrative platform for understanding the diversity and complexity of theoretical challenges related to social and environmental structuring of cities [31]. This is supported by an easily verifiable notion that "sustainability" is, nowadays, often connected with urban "smartness", as indicated by Figure 1. One of the early contributions to digitalization and technology-based (smart) urban development was done by Graham and Marvin [32], roughly around the same time when Knight [19] wrote The spatial development category, in Figure 1, is the most important one in relation to sustainable and environmentally sound urban development. Whereas the economic approach is considered to be a straightforward assessment of economic performance in time and place, the spatial layer instead stresses the importance of quality of life and clean urban environment as a part of it [30]. There are close connections to the sociocultural dimension of KBUD as an integrative platform for understanding the diversity and complexity of theoretical challenges related to social and environmental structuring of cities [31]. This is supported by an easily verifiable notion that "sustainability" is, nowadays, often connected with urban "smartness", as indicated by Figure 1. One of the early contributions to digitalization and technology-based (smart) urban development was done by Graham and Marvin [32], roughly around the same time when Knight [19] wrote about knowledge-based development concept. Their work pointed out the importance of communication technologies in the evolution of cities. After these initial considerations, technological advancements have expanded to include green and environmentally friendly new solutions aiding cities to improve their surroundings, such as in the new ways of improving their surroundings, working locations, and leisure hotspots [33,34].

Finally, institutional aspects are needed in KBUD as the development of smartness and environmental conditions are founded on governance quality. It is commonly acknowledged that governmental operability, well established forms of citizen participation, and transparency in public decision making are fundamental components of KBUD (as well as democracy) [35]. The developments of inclusive smart services are often realized in public-private partnerships and in other forms of collaborative arrangements. Advancements in planning theory (e.g., actor networks) provide a decisive intellectual capacity for KBUD when applied in case studies. Overall, the KBUD framework provides insight into the highly complex phenomena of urban evolution that requires an understanding of the time-space trajectories in relation to progression in the field of smart technologies and decline of environmental conditions [16].
