**6. Conclusions**

The construction of a CCSC is much like developing a democratic society, which requires a higher appreciation of a society with a wider citizenship regime and a selfdisciplined and responsible culture for individual citizens. As technology has been identified as a mere catalyst in solving societal issues [180], the new main focus is now on the people (along with good policy) in rightly building a CCSC based on public values and upholding the realms of democracy and citizenship.

Nonetheless, [12] pointed out that hegemonic neoliberal urban growth is mostly incompatible with citizen-centered ideas. Thus, this study's limitation concerned the nonappreciation of neoliberal thinking parties (specifically ruthless capitalists and far-right and antidemocratic national and local authorities), who have become too used to and trapped under the mainstream of neoliberal smart urbanism. These parties may criticize and strongly oppose the viability of the proposed indicators and provide negative empirical results. Still, the authors encourage further investigations to apply the proposed indicators in the contexts of both developed and developing countries.

More information and refinements on the indicators will eventually yield the acceptance of the CCSC model. As such, the conception of a CCSC is the ideal state of building cities resembling "self-organizing" types, but with possibilities to be rejected by neoliberalthinking leaders and administrators in practice. However, the authors strongly believe that in an estimated period of 30 to 50 years, the CCSC will receive wider acceptance with the emergence of drawbacks in neoliberal smart cities (see [57,181,182]). In the meantime, the smart cities' trend of branding, be it the alternative new brandings of cities or the conception of the citizen centricity perspective, will remain valid and strive for realization in a sustainable, just, and humane form of city development [183].

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization and methodology, J.A.M. and S.B.L.; writing—original draft preparation, software, formal analysis, investigation, and data curation, S.B.L.; supervision, validation, resources, funding acquisition, and project administration, J.A.M.; review and editing, T.Y. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** The article processing charges (APCs) were funded by the Malaysian Ministry of Higher Education (grant number FRGS/1/2019/SS06/UKM/02/2). The funder was not involved in the planning, execution, write-up of the systematic review, or other contents of this article.

**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.

**Informed Consent Statement:** Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.

**Data Availability Statement:** Data is contained within the article and appendixes.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
