4.1.5. The Items for the Construct of Roles of Citizens (IV 4)

The role of the people was discussed as one of the important factors in building citizens' responsibilities in a citizen-centric smart city. Eight roles were identified in the construct items using language that is easily understood by the average respondents, as shown in Table 6.


**Table 6.** Items for the "roles of citizens" (source: authors).

The first role that ideal or radical citizens played in smart city programs was in leading authorities to make decisions [147]. The second role was as local champions, where citizens took the initiative to initiate the program and connect to relevant parties. The third role was as co-producers in collaboration with LAs. Furthermore, citizens could play the role of entrepreneurs in producing economic and financial innovations for the community. Citizens could also be solution proposers by suggesting alternatives and advising LAs. For the sixth role, citizens contributed data, consciously or subtly, as human sensors. Citizens could also volunteer to contribute time and help intrinsically. Finally, citizens contributed knowledge and expertise as experts. All the proposed citizen roles would eventually assist LAs with the shortage of human and financial resources involving smart city management.
