**5. Conclusions**

This paper reported on farmers' knowledge, their perceptions, and managemen<sup>t</sup> practices they use against *Spodoptera frugiperda*. The majority of farmers use synthetic pesticides which do not always satisfy them in the managemen<sup>t</sup> of *S. frugiperda*. A minority use local practices which seem more effective according to their perceptions. These essentially ecological local practices deserve to be studied and scaled up. The study showed that there was a relationship between knowledge of *S. frugiperda* and the use of managemen<sup>t</sup> practices. There was also a relationship between knowledge of the pest and types of managemen<sup>t</sup> practices. Therefore, the study confirms that farmers' knowledge of the pest is an important factor that influences their decision to manage the pest. Further research is required to refine and standardize managemen<sup>t</sup> practices deemed effective by farmers and to analyse farmers' willingness to pay for improved managemen<sup>t</sup> practices.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, S.H., A.Z., A.A. (Augustin Aoudji), H.C.S., A.S., R.S., E.Z., H.S.T.V., A.A. (Aristide Adomou) and A.A.(Adam Ahanchédé); methodology, S.H., A.Z., A.A. (Augustin Aoudji) and H.C.S.; formal analysis, S.H. and A.Z.; investigation, S.H.; writing—original draft preparation, S.H. and A.Z.; writing—review and editing, A.Z., A.A. (Augustin Aoudji), H.C.S., A.S., R.S., E.Z., H.S.T.V., A.A. (Aristide Adomou) and A.A. (Adam Ahanchédé); supervision, A.Z., A.A. (Augustin Aoudji), H.C.S., A.S., R.S., E.Z., H.S.T.V., A.A. (Aristide Adomou) and A.A. (Adam Ahanchédé); funding acquisition, UAC and INRAB. All authors read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research was funded by the SPODOBEN Project under gran<sup>t</sup> PFCR III 2018–2020 of the University of Abomey-Calavi (UAC), Benin and the National Institute of Agricultural Research of Benin (INRAB) under gran<sup>t</sup> SE06–2018.

**Acknowledgments:** The authors thank the farmers for providing useful information.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
