*2.4. Data Analysis*

For the most relevant species (major pests and their natural enemies), curves of seasonal occurrence were built to analyse the pest–natural enemy interactions, which were interpreted in the context of each scenario (i.e., the environmental factors and the agricultural practices at each field site).

The statistical analyses were performed using the R software, version 3.4.2 [43] (packages: vegan, agricolae, and MASS) [44–46].

For the population comparisons, a one-way ANOVA was applied to the data after having tested the normality and homoscedasticity through Shapiro–Wilk and Bartlett tests, respectively. When the data did not meet the assumption of the homogeneity of variances, the Box–Cox transformation method was used to stabilize the variances. When the ANOVA was significant, Tukey's honestly significant di fference test was used to compare the groups. All the tests were analysed at the significance level of α = 0.05.
