*Article* **Influence of Pre-Sowing Operations on Soil-Dwelling Fauna in Soybean Cultivation**

**Darija Lemic \*, Ivana Pajaˇc Živkovi´c, Marija Posari´c and Renata Bažok**

Department for Agricultural Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetosimunska 25, 100000 Zagreb, Croatia; ipajac@agr.hr (I.P.Ž.); posaric2308@gmail.com (M.P.); rbazok@agr.hr (R.B.) **\***Correspondence:dlemic@agr.hr;Tel.:+385-123-9649

**Abstract:** The aim of this study was to determine the effects of different pre-sowing operations on the abundance and composition of total soil fauna in soybean cultivation, with special attention to carabids as biological indicators of agroecosystem quality. The study was conducted in central Croatia with six different pre-sowing activities (cover crop, mulching, ploughing, glyphosate, fertiliser removal, conventional tillage). Pitfall traps were used to collect soil fauna in April, June and September. After determining the abundance and composition of the fauna, their coenological characteristics were calculated and statistical analysis was performed. During the study, 7836 individuals of soil fauna were collected. The composition consisted of 84% beneficial, 8% harmful and 8% indifferent fauna. Class Insecta was the most numerous with a proportion of 56%, with most members of the family Carabidae (1622 individuals), followed by the class Arachnida (40%). The number of fauna collected was influenced by the interaction between pre-seeding intervention and sampling date. Pre-seeding interventions that did not involve soil activities did not affect the number and composition of soil fauna at the beginning of vegetation. Mechanical interventions in the soil and warmer and drier weather have a negative effect on the number and composition of soil fauna. As the season progresses, the influence of pre-sowing activities on soil fauna in soybean crops decreases. It seems that a reduction in mechanical activities in the shallow seed layer of the soil has a positive effect on species richness or diversity. Of particular note is the large proportion of beneficial insects that currently colonise the study area, characterising soil richness and stable natural equilibrium.

**Keywords:** soybean; pre-sowing soil activities; soil fauna; ground beetles; dominance; frequency
