*2.1. Field Sites*

The study was carried out in three areas of Peru: a traditional quinoa production zone (San Lorenzo; 11◦5033" S, 75◦2245" W, 3322 m above sea level [m a.s.l.]) located in the Andean region, and two non-traditional quinoa production areas, one located on the coast (La Molina; 12◦06 S, 76◦57 W, 244 m a.s.l.) and the other in the "Maritime Yunga" region (Majes; 16◦2131" S, 72◦1716"W, 1410 m a.s.l.) (Figure S1).

The monitored fields were cultivated under conventional farming practices. The field sites in the localities of La Molina and San Lorenzo belong to the experimental and production fields of the National Agrarian University La Molina, whereas the field site assessed in Majes belongs to a private farmer. The characteristics of each field site and the cultivation and pest managemen<sup>t</sup> specifications are given in Table 1. Meteorological data for the three localities can be found in Supplementary Figure S2.


**Table 1.** Growing specifications for quinoa during the sampling period in the localities of La Molina, Majes and San Lorenzo (Peru).

Source for meteorological data: The weather station "Von Humbold" at the National Agrarian University La Molina, the weather station Map-Pampa de Majes of the National Service of Meteorology and Hydrology of Peru (SENAMHI), and the weather station at the Regional Institute of Highland Development in Jauja of the National Agrarian University La Molina.
