**5. Conclusions**

The present study examined the occurrence of the major insect pests of quinoa and their natural enemies in a traditional production zone in the Andean region (San Lorenzo), and two non-traditional areas for quinoa production in Peru at lower elevations (La Molina, on the Coast, and Majes, in the "Maritime Yunga" ecoregion). The data gathered by on-plant and pitfall sampling show that the pest pressure in quinoa is higher at the lower altitudes than in the highlands of Peru. Although there are better conditions in the non-traditional quinoa production zones for attaining higher yields than in the Andean region, pests are likely to become an important barrier for successful quinoa production, a situation that may worsen if pesticides are incorrectly used. These are issues that farmers from Peru, and other South American countries, will eventually face when exploiting new production areas. Studies on the biology and ecology of the key species of pests and their natural enemies will aid in implementing suitable pest control strategies for the crop. Particularly, additional studies are needed to clarify the potential risks of aphids and *F. occidentalis* for quinoa production, especially in the non-traditional zones.

**Supplementary Materials:** The following are available online at http://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/10/12/644/s1. Figure S1: Localities of La Molina, San Lorenzo and Majes in the map of Peru, Figure S2: Fluctuation of the daily mean temperature (maximum and minimum) and daily precipitation during the sampling period in La Molina–Lima, San Lorenzo–Junín and Majes–Arequipa.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, L.C., E.d.l.P. and P.D.C.; methodology, L.C. and P.D.C.; investigation, L.C., E.d.l.P. and P.D.C.; formal analysis, L.C., E.d.l.P. and P.D.C.; data curation, L.C.; writing—original draft preparation, L.C.; writing—review and editing, L.C., E.d.l.P. and P.D.C.; supervision, E.d.l.P. and P.D.C. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research was funded by THE PROJECT 2: "Development of Value Chains for Biodiversity Conservation and Improvement of Rural Livelihoods"—Sub Project: Native Grains, VLIR-UOS IUC/UNALM.

**Acknowledgments:** We thank Daniel Burckardt from the Naturhistorisches Museum of Switzerland for confirming the identity of the psylloids and Pablo Dellapé from the Museum of La Plata in Argentina for confirming the identity of *Nysius simulans*. We also thank the professors from the National Agrarian University La Molina in Peru; Luz Gómez, chief of the Cereals and Native Grain programme; and Clorinda Vergara, chief of the Museum of Entomology "Klaus Raven Büller" for the facilities and permits. Finally, we acknowledge VLIR-UOS/UNALM for funding this study.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
