*3.1. Brunei*

Currently, Brunei has a small fleet of electric vehicles. The latest available data show that in 2017 only 18 BEV units were registered in the country (the total number of cars in the country was about 300,000) [21].

Therefore, when comparing this data with the total number of vehicles, the share of electric vehicles in the overall automotive market is symbolic. Brunei has made an attempt to promote electric vehicles as a part of the Land Transport Master Plan (LTMP) of 2014 [28]. This strategy includes goals to be achieved by 2035.

Currently, a new policy of The Brunei Darussalam National Council on Climate has been introduced. This is the first comprehensive climate policy of the country. The main goal is to increase the share of electric cars to 60% of the total amount of vehicles, but a specific date was not mentioned in the strategy [29].

Brunei's electric vehicle policy can only change if the government of the country changes its energy policy, including electricity generation, and pursues renewable energy sources.

#### *3.2. Indonesia*

In Indonesia, attempts have been made to implement electric vehicle policies. In 2012, then President Yudhoyono was a supporter of the idea of a national electric vehicle to be developed by the national universities. The next president, Joko Widodo, also supports the introduction of electric cars in the country [21].

Indonesia is also postulating legal and tax advantages for EV buyers, e.g., reduced VAT, luxury vehicle and goods tax, and import duties. It should also be pointed out that electric vehicles can be supported under the existing Low Carbon Energy Programme (LCEP) [30].

In 2019, President Widodo introduced a law on the promotion and support of electric vehicles. Competing with Thailand, Indonesia wants to establish an electric vehicle centre in the region by providing tax incentives and legal and administrative facilitation for potential HEV and PHEV manufacturers [31].

The Indonesian market focuses currently on the so-called electric two-wheeled units (mainly motorcycles) rather than on cars. There were nearly 16,000 such units in 2019.

It would be difficult for Indonesia to quickly increase the number of electric cars, as the charging infrastructure has only 20 charging station in the country—all of which are state-owned.

When analysing Indonesia's policy, it is important to acknowledge that the country has formulated a specific scope of action. Its potential has also been recognised by international automotive corporations such as BYD, Hyundai, JAC, and Toyota, which plan to start producing electric cars or components (batteries, motors) in the near future.
