*3.5. Singapore*

Singapore adopted an electric car policy relatively late, i.e., 2021, with financial incentives mainly. However, in early 2010, the national Land Transport Authority (LTA) and the Energy Market Authority (EMA) initiated a series of tests and feasibility studies for specific scenarios [36]. However, apart from the abovementioned measures, so far no detailed strategy for electric car deployment has been defined [37].

According to LTA data, all electric vehicles constituted a fraction of the 930,000 vehicles in total (2018 data). In 2020, as few as 1125 electric vehicles were registered in the country. So, despite Singapore being one of the richest countries in terms of GDP per capita, still relatively expensive electric vehicles remain only a niche product [21].

The low share of PHEVs and BEVs in the EV fleet may be due to the low availability of common charging stations. Currently, there are 1800 publicly available charging points with ambitious plans to increase the number to 60,000 by 2030 [35].

Recently, the Singaporean government has implemented several measures that support the use of electric vehicles. The country's government allowed the French Bolloré20 Group to launch a car-sharing service. The service, called blueSG, debuted in December 2017 and aims to deliver 1000 BEVs. The French investor additionally decided to install 2000 charging points (divided into 500 charging stations) across the country by 2020, 400 of which should be available not solely to the company's customers [38].

In addition, LTA has begun to shift its public transport procurement policy to electric vehicles. LTA has purchased, inter alia, 50 hybrid buses and plans to acquire 60 BEV buses [39].

Further, the Singaporean government adopted legislation that increased the cost of purchasing cars with conventional engines through additional fiscal burdens. This has resulted in an increase in hybrid vehicle sales but has not directly translated into a rise in the number of electric vehicles in the country [40].

Meanwhile, the government in Singapore imposed a law to stop issuing new registrations for diesel cars from 2025 and announced that internal combustion cars will be withdrawn from the country by 2040 [38].

### *3.6. Thailand*

Thailand is a significant car manufacturer—across the globe (according to the International Organization of Motor Vehicle Manufacturers—OICA [41]). Therefore, when constructing a policy for the deployment of electric cars, the country must pay attention to its own automotive market whilst also offering a number of amenities for potential buyers. First, Thailand has revised taxation in a way that makes electric vehicles more attractive to consumers (excise tax is no longer based on motor size but on CO2 emission, which led to much lower taxes on electric cars and hybrids). In addition, and somewhat against protecting its national automotive market, Thailand has decided to abolish duty on all-electric vehicles imported from overseas [42].

However, it should be noted that a number of incentives have been created to encourage vehicle manufacturers in Thailand. Special administrative and tax facilitations are provided for manufacturers (exemption from corporate income tax for eight years with the possibility of extension for additional years if production scales up), but the potential investor must ensure the production of at least 100,000 vehicles or a certain number of other components (batteries or motors for HEVs, PHEVs, BEVs, and FCEVs) [21].

In addition, the Thai government also wants to attract electric bus manufacturers by exempting companies from income tax for three years (extendable for another three years if production scales up) and reducing import duties on machinery needed to start production [43].

From the infrastructure point of view, Thailand had about 647 charging points in 2020. These were operated by 10 companies [37]. Due in part to this, Thailand has currently one of the largest fleets of EV in the analysed ASEAN countries region.

In 2020, Thailand expanded its electric vehicle development plan, which aims to produce 250,000 electric vehicles and develop an ASEAN electric vehicle hub by 2025 [44].
