**5. Conclusions**

The proximity of spring wheat, spring triticale, spring barley, and peas proved to have an adverse effect on the growth, development and yielding of yellow lupine. The unfavorable influence pertained to all the biometric characteristics of yellow lupine. A reduction in value of studied characteristics was noted in the row adjacent to the strip of neighboring species and, for some traits, the negative impact of the PE reached up to the third row of the lupine strip. In the case of SI with 3-m-wide strips, the reduction in lupine yield varied from 6.0% to 10.8%, depending on the neighboring species.

Introduction of a path was demonstrated to have a considerable effect on yellow lupine and resulted in a 7.8% increase in its yield. Furthermore, while taking into account the total yield of SI, the share of yellow lupine was also noticeably higher. Depending on species tested, the share of lupine seeds in the total yield of SI fell in the range of 29%–46%. SI of yellow lupine and triticale proved to be the most beneficial.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, L.G.; methodology, I.J. and E.W.; investigation—performed the field experiments, L.G. and I.J.; data curation—compiled and analyzed the results, A.W.-P., L.G., I.J. and E.W.; writing—original draft preparation, L.G. and E.W.; review and editing A.W.-P., I.J. and E.W. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research received no external funding.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
