*2.6. Farinographic Water Absorption*

Farinographic binding of samples of flours and their mixtures was performed according to ISO 5530-1 with the connection of the Farinograph TS device (Brabender, Duisburg, Germany), allowing the addition of distilled water with regard to the current value of flour moisture and the repetition of the test with corrected binding. The measurement was performed in one replicate; the previously determined repeatability of the farinographic water absorption determination is 0.2 percentage points.

### *2.7. Amylographic Measurements*

An AS-type amylograph (Brabender, Duisburg, Germany) was used to evaluate the viscosity behavior of flour suspensions during heating from 25 to 95 ◦C as a simulation of dough processes during baking. The test methodology was based on the international standard ICC 126/1, when the standard weight of flour and water was 80 and 450 g. The evaluated features were the onset temperatures and gelation maximum (◦C) as well as the amylographic maximum (viscosity) in customary Brabender units (BU).

#### *2.8. Scanning Electron Microscopy*

The scanning electron microscope works with a stream of electrons in a vacuum in the case of conductive samples or at very low pressures for non-conductive samples. The interaction of the electron beam with the mass (sample examined) creates a visible image. The generated signals carry information about the topography of the sample and its material composition. The scanning electron microscope can provide comprehensive information about the microstructure, chemical composition, and other properties of the examined sample.

Secondary electrons (SE) and/or backscattered electrons (BSE) are most often used to monitor the microstructure of a flour sample. Images were taken on a TESCAN VEGA3 LMU microscope (tungsten cathode, SE and BSE detector) at different magnifications (500× and 2500×). The measurement was performed in UNIVAC mode (pressure 10 Pa) using a BSE detector. The accelerating voltage of the electrons was 20 kV. The flour samples were applied to a double-sided carbon tape and placed on the plates of a metal holder. Prior to scanning, the samples were covered with a continuous layer of 5 nm gold in a Quorum 150 coater.
