**7. Conclusions**

In this paper, we provided an overview of the different therapeutic options for chronic hepatitis B and D. As discussed above, despite the accumulating knowledge, although HBV and HDV infections represent a global health problem, unmet clinical needs still remain. Firstly, the chance of a cure with the currently available antiviral drugs is very low. Secondly, as infections are associated with an aging population, individuals often have co-morbid health concerns. Although current and investigational therapies do not carry high risks of toxicities, attention should be paid in a subset of the population called a special population, such as HIV coinfected patients, children, pregnant women, immunosuppressed patients, and patients undergoing chemotherapy and dialysis.

In view of this, a basic understanding of actions and safety of current and investigational therapies should be useful to guide clinicians toward the correct therapeutic choice. Further studies will focus on the development of combination strategies targeting

different signaling pathways towards a functional cure, most probably with a combination of multiple drugs.

**Author Contributions:** E.A.: data curation, writing—review and editing; M.C.: data curation, writing review and editing; L.N.M.: data curation, writing—review and editing; V.Z.: writing—original draft preparation, conceptualization, methodology; R.B.: conceptualization, validation, writing—review and editing. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** No funding to declare.

**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.

**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.

### **References**

