**4. Concluding Remarks**

In this paper, the diurnal, annual, and inter-annual variations in downward shortwave radiation, upward shortwave radiation, downward longwave radiation, upward longwave radiation, surface albedo, net radiation, surface temperature, and air temperature of typical surfaces (alpine meadow, alpine desert, and alpine steppe) were analyzed using ground observations from 2006 to 2019 at QOMS, SETORS, BJ, NAMORS, MAWORS, and NADORS. The conclusions from our analysis are as followings.


each station slightly lagged behind changes in downward shortwave radiation, and the air temperature, in turn, slightly lagged behind the surface temperature.

In the absence of other modes of heat exchange, the net radiation determines the change in surface temperature. Surface temperature is an important parameter that describes the material exchange and energy balance between the surface and the atmosphere. Moreover, changes in air temperature can reflect the influence of the surface on the nearsurface layer of the plateau. The variation characteristics of radiation fluxes, surface temperature, air temperature over the six stations in the Tibetan Plateau were derived in this study. The reasons for the variation of net radiation were analyzed in detail after analyzing each component of the radiation. This paper helps to enhance our understanding of land-atmosphere interactions and their influence on weather and climate in the Tibetan Plateau. However, due to the complex landscape of the Tibetan Plateau, we have to extend the results presented here to a broader perspective. In the other words, the results obtained in this study have to be compared to the analysis from more stations observation. All this research will be conducted in the coming days.

**Author Contributions:** Writing—original draft preparation, C.W.; formal analysis, C.W.; data curation, B.W., W.M., X.C., C.H.; supervision, Y.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (91837208). The Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research (STEP) program (2019QZKK0103), the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDA20060101).

**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.

**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.

**Data Availability Statement:** The data presented in this study are openly available in National Tibetan Plateau Data Center. Ma, Y. (2020). A long-term dataset of integrated land-atmosphere interaction observations on the Tibetan Plateau (2005–2016). DOI: 10.11888/Meteoro.tpdc.270910. CSTR: 18406.11.Meteoro.tpdc.270910.

**Acknowledgments:** We would like to thank Zhipeng Xie, Ling Yuan of Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Jiankai Zhang of Lanzhou University for their suggestions and help in this study.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.

#### **Abbreviations**

The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript:


#### **References**

