**4. Conclusions**

The effect of the number of inlets and the inlet air temperature on air-cooled BTMS performance was studied using a LBM-based CFD simulation. To find the optimum cooling strategy, the power required to operate the configuration was also considered. In the end, an optimized cooling strategy for an air-cooled BTMS consisting of three inlets configuration with an inlet air temperature of 25 ◦C is recommended to achieve optimum performance in terms of temperature distribution and power consumption. The configuration gave the average temperature of 33.1 ◦C and the maximum temperature difference of 14.9 ◦C. Although the temperature difference is wider than the requirement of 5 ◦C, the chosen cooling strategy kept all the batteries inside the range of optimum operating temperature. Therefore, the optimized design can be proposed as a standard for a battery packing cooling system. For future work, an investigation on the effect of employing variable speed for cooling fans and a study for structural strength and water protection for the air-cooling systems are recommended.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, P.L.S., F.T., B.A.B. and M.A.; methodology, P.L.S., I.P.N., B.A.B. and M.A.; modelling and design, M.A.N., F.T. and D.W.D.; validation, P.L.S. and I.P.N.; formal analysis, R.D.W., M.A.N. and D.W.D.; writing—original draft preparation, R.D.W., M.A.N., A.B.D.N. and B.A.B.; writing—review and editing, R.D.W., P.L.S., F.T., D.W.D., A.B.D.N., B.A.B. and M.A.; illustration, R.D.W. and I.P.N.; supervision, P.L.S., I.P.N., A.B.D.N. and B.A.B.; funding acquisition, B.A.B. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research was funded by the Indonesia Endowment Fund for Education (LPDP) under Research and Innovation Program (RISPRO) for electric vehicle development with contract no. PRJ-85/LPDP/2020.

**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.

**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.
