*Article* **Low-Cost Air-Cooling System Optimization on Battery Pack of Electric Vehicle**

**Robby Dwianto Widyantara 1, Muhammad Adnan Naufal 1, Poetro Lebdo Sambegoro 1, Ignatius Pulung Nurprasetio 1, Farid Triawan 2, Djati Wibowo Djamari 2, Asep Bayu Dani Nandiyanto 3, Bentang Arief Budiman 1,\* and Muhammad Aziz 4,\***


**Abstract:** Temperature management for battery packs installed in electric vehicles is crucial to ensure that the battery works properly. For lithium-ion battery cells, the optimal operating temperature is in the range of 25 to 40 ◦C with a maximum temperature difference among battery cells of 5 ◦C. This work aimed to optimize lithium-ion battery packing design for electric vehicles to meet the optimal operating temperature using an air-cooling system by modifying the number of cooling fans and the inlet air temperature. A numerical model of 74 V and 2.31 kWh battery packing was simulated using the lattice Boltzmann method. The results showed that the temperature difference between the battery cells decreased with the increasing number of cooling fans; likewise, the mean temperature inside the battery pack decreased with the decreasing inlet air temperature. The optimization showed that the configuration of three cooling fans with 25 ◦C inlet air temperature gave the best performance with low power required. Even though the maximum temperature difference was still 15 ◦C, the configuration kept all battery cells inside the optimum temperature range. This finding is helpful to develop a standardized battery packing module and for engineers in designing low-cost battery packing for electric vehicles.

**Keywords:** electric vehicle; battery thermal management system; optimization; lattice Boltzmann method
