**1. Introduction**

Most developed countries are facing an aging society [1], and the number of people who need support and care in daily life due to musculoskeletal disorders is increasing [2]. Locomotive syndrome (LS) has been proposed by the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) as an umbrella term to refer to the condition of reduced mobility due to musculoskeletal disorders [2]. Details of the LS can be viewed at the following website; https://locomo-joa.jp/assets/pdf/index\_english.pdf (accessed on 23 January 2022). Locomotive syndrome is defined as a condition of reduced mobility due to the impairment of locomotive organs. LS is assessed by evaluating the degree of motor function via the two-step test, stand-up test, and 25-question Geriatric Locomotive Function Scale (GLFS-25). LS has received worldwide attention for assessing motor function in musculoskeletal diseases [3]. LS is associated with a significantly lower quality of life (QOL) [4] and shorter life expectancy. Prevention of LS has long been advocated for maintaining and improving physical function in middle-aged and older adults [5]. In recent years, there have been reports using LS as an index of postoperative outcome. [6,7].

Visceral diseases and genetic factors can also contribute to LS. Variable factors, such as habitual inactivity, sedentary lifestyle, and inadequate nutrition contribute to the progression of LS [8]. Therefore, the JOA proposed an exercise for LS called locomotion training

**Citation:** Ito, S.; Nakashima, H.; Ando, K.; Machino, M.; Seki, T.; Ishizuka, S.; Takegami, Y.; Wakai, K.; Hasegawa, Y.; Imagama, S. Nutritional Influences on Locomotive Syndrome. *J. Clin. Med.* **2022**, *11*, 610. https://doi.org/10.3390/ jcm11030610

 Academic Editor: Marcus Schiltenwolf

Received: 12 December 2021 Accepted: 24 January 2022 Published: 26 January 2022

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(LT), which consists of standing on one leg with the eyes open and performing squats, heel raises, and front lunges [9].

In addition to reduced mobility, malnutrition is a common condition in older adults and is associated with morbidity, mortality, and reduced quality of life [10,11]. Malnutrition also affects musculoskeletal health and has been associated with chronic musculoskeletal pain in older adults [12]. Malnutrition in older adults can progress through a variety of mechanisms. Immobility due to musculoskeletal conditions has been associated with sarcopenia and decreased oral intake [13]. Impaired mobility and malnutrition, two conditions prevalent among older individuals, may be correlated and may potentiate each other, resulting in poor health-related outcomes [10]. Muscle strength is the direct key that links impaired mobility to malnutrition. Decreased muscle strength has been reported to be an indicator of impaired mobility [14], and decreased muscle mass has been reported to be a consequence of malnutrition [15].

There are no reports directly examining the relationship between LS and dietary habits. This study aimed to examine the relationship between LS and nutritional intake and identify the nutrients and dietary habits that influence LS.

#### **2. Materials and Methods**

#### *2.1. Study Participants*

The individuals surveyed were volunteers who underwent a municipal-supported health checkup in Yakumo in 2016 and 2017. Data from 2016 were used for those who participated in two consecutive years (2016 and 2017). Yakumo has a population of approximately 17,000, of whom 28% are >65 years old. More people in this town engage in agriculture and fishing than those in urban areas. Yakumo has conducted annual health checkups since 1982. Physical examinations included voluntary orthopedic and physical function tests and internal examinations. Psychological examinations and a health-related QOL survey (SF-36) were also conducted [16]. This study included all participants who completed an assessment of the LS risk stage, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), fasting blood samples, and nutritional intake status. The exclusion criteria were as follows: history of spine or joint surgery, severe knee injury, severe hip osteoarthritis, history of hip or spine fractures, neuropathy, severe mental illness, diabetes that was diagnosed and treated by a physician, kidney or heart disease, nonfasting, severe impairment of walking or standing, and impairment of the central or peripheral nervous system.

Of the 758 participants who underwent health checks, 368 (154 men; 214 women) met the inclusion criteria. The research protocol was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee and the university's institutional review board (No. 2014-0207). All participants provided written informed consent before participation. The research procedure was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

#### *2.2. Examination of Motor Function*

Grip strength in the standing position was measured once in each hand using a handgrip dynamometer (Toei Light Co., Ltd., Saitama, Japan). The mean value was used for analysis [17]. Participants walked a 10 m straight course once at their fastest pace, and the time taken to complete the course was recorded as the 10 m walking time [18].

#### *2.3. LS Stage Tests*

The JOA proposes three tests to assess the risk of LS by evaluating the degree of motor function: the two-step test, stand-up test, and 25-question Geriatric Locomotive Function Scale (GLFS-25) [2]. LS is classified into stages 1 and 2. These stages are defined as follows: stage 1 indicates that motor function is beginning to decline and stage 2 indicates that motor function is progressing toward decline. Three tests were conducted according to the JOA guidelines [2].

The standing test assessed the ability to stand on one or both feet from stools of 40, 30, 20, and 10 cm height. The difficulty rating from easy to difficult was based on standing on

both legs from stools of 40, 30, 20, and 10 cm, followed by standing on one leg from stools of 40, 30, 20, and 10 cm. The test results were expressed as the minimum height of the stool that the participant could stand on.

In the two-step test, the physical therapist measured the length of two steps from the starting line to the tip of the toes. The score was calculated by normalizing the maximum length of the two steps by the height.

The GLFS-25 is a comprehensive self-report survey that refers to the previous month [19]. The method consists of four questions on pain, 16 questions on activities of daily living (ADL), three questions on social functioning, and two questions on mental status. Each item was rated from no disability (0 points) to severe disability (4 points).

LS 0, 1, and 2 were defined as follows:

LS 0

The participant was categorized as Stage 0 if all of the three following conditions were met:


LS1

The participant was categorized as Stage 1 if any of the three following conditions were met:


LS2

The participant was categorized as Stage 2 if any of the three following conditions were met:


We divided the participants into two groups: the normal (N) group (LS 0) and the locomotive syndrome (L) group (LS1,2).

#### *2.4. Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA)*

BIA was used to analyze the participants' body composition. The participants underwent the BIA on an empty stomach. The conditions of BIA measurement, such as consumption of food and beverages, were similar to those reported earlier [21]. Anthropometric data, including height, weight, body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage (BFP), and appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (SMI), were measured using the BIA. The Inbody 770 BIA device (Inbody Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea), which can differentiate between tissues (such as fat, muscle, and bone) based on their electrical impedance, was used for the participants' body composition [16]. The accuracy of this device has been reported previously [22]. Participants grasped the handles of the analyzer, which have embedded electrodes, and stood on the platform with the soles of their feet in contact with the electrodes. There were two electrodes for each foot and hand. The BMI was calculated using the following formula: weight (kg)/height<sup>2</sup> (m2). The muscle mass of each limb was automatically calculated by BIA using the Inbody 770 BIA device. The SMI was calculated using the following formula: SMI = appendicular skeletal muscle mass (kg)/height<sup>2</sup> (m2) [23].

#### *2.5. Blood Sample Assessment*

At the checkup, fasting blood samples were collected by venipuncture and centrifuged within 1 h of collection. Serum samples were stored at −80 ◦C until measurements were taken. Routine biochemical analysis was performed in the laboratory of Yakumo Town Hospital [24]. The following items were investigated; white blood cell, hemoglobin, platelet, HbA1c, total protein, serum albumin, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), γ-glutamyltranspeptidase, total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, uric acid, calcium, C-reactive protein.

#### *2.6. Lifestyle Habits*

Trained nurses administered a questionnaire on health and daily lifestyle habits, including smoking (current smoker, ex-smoker, or nonsmoker), alcohol consumption (regular drinkers, ex-drinkers, or nondrinkers), nutritional intake status, menopausal status (yes or no), and history of major illness. Anthropometric indices (height and weight) and blood pressure were measured during the health examination. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as body weight (kg) divided by height (m) squared.

Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure of 140 mmHg or higher or diastolic blood pressure of 90 mmHg or higher (based on the Japanese Society of Hypertension guidelines) [25] or the use of antihypertensive medications. Diabetes mellitus was defined as a fasting blood glucose level of 126 mg/dL or higher or a glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level of 6.5% or higher or use of antidiabetic drugs. The Japanese Diabetes Society (JDS) HbA1c value (%) was converted to the equivalent National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program (NGSP) value (%) using the formula HbA1c (NGSP) = HbA1c (JDS) + 0.4% [26]. Dyslipidemia was defined as a triglyceride level of ≥150 mg/dL, highdensity lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level of < 40 mg/dL, or a low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) level of ≥140 mg/dL (based on the Japan Atherosclerosis Society guidelines) [27], or use of antidyslipidemic drugs.

#### *2.7. Nutritional Intake Status*

Dietary information was obtained using a validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), which asked about the intake of 188 food and beverage items, excluding supplements. Food and beverage items were grouped into nine categories ranging in frequency from "rarely" to "7 or more times a day" (or "10 or more drinks a day" for beverages). The question asked about usual consumption of the listed foods over the past year. The food list was initially developed from the 1989–1991 weighed food record according to contribution rates based on absolute values of energy and intake of 14 target nutrients, and was used in a prospective Japan Health Center-based study 8–12 [28] modified for middle-aged and older residents in a wide range of regions in Japan. In doing so, we took into account 17 additional nutrients, such as dietary fiber and folate, changes in foods contributing to the absolute nutrient intake due to updates to the Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan [29], and regional and generational changes in diet in the current cohort. Energy and nutrient intakes were calculated by summing the product of the frequency of eating, portion size, energy, and nutrient content of each food item, referring to the Fifth Revised and Expanded Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan [30]. Nutrients included protein, fat, carbohydrate, minerals (sodium, potassium, calcium, and iron), vitamins (carotene, Vitamins A, D, E, B1, B2, folate, and C), and total dietary fiber (TDF) (soluble DF and insoluble DF). Fat was divided into saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 HUFAs, including eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5), docosapentaenoic acid (22:5), docosahexaenoic acid (22:6)), and cholesterol [31].

#### *2.8. Statistical Analyses*

We divided all participants into adults (< 65 years old) and older adults ( ≥ 65 years old). Continuous variables were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). We compared continuous variables of the L group to those of the N group using the Student's *t*-test and categorical variables using the chi-square test. These analyses were conducted for total adult and older adult, respectively. Statistical significance was set at *p* < 0.05. All the

parameters listed in the supplement tables were examined. In addition, the table shows the parameters that showed significant differences and their related parameters.

Logistic regression analysis was performed on each adult and older adult to evaluate the important risk factors in the L group. In the logistic regression analyses, we defined that the dependent variable was the group and that the covariables were the parameters that showed significant differences in the Student *t*-test and the chi-square test comparing the L Group and N Group. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS Statistics v.28.0 software for Mac (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Statistical significance was set at *p* < 0.05.
