**5. Conclusions**

This study demonstrated that the degree of pain and impairment of QOL after OVF improved by 12 weeks after injury and did not change thereafter, until a mean follow-up period of 5.3 years. In addition, patients with residual low back pain after OVF had a higher percentage of pre-existing vertebral fractures and were older than those who did not have residual low back pain.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, H.I.; formal analysis, H.I.; investigation, H.I, T.K., S.S., S.T., M.H., Y.Y., Y.M., T.H. and T.Y.; data curation, H.I.; writing—original draft preparation, H.I.; writing— review and editing, H.I. and T.K.; visualization, H.I.; supervision, A.O.; project administration, H.I.; All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research received no external funding.

**Institutional Review Board Statement:** The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Tokyo Medical and Dental University (M2019-254).

**Informed Consent Statement:** Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study.

**Data Availability Statement:** Not available.

**Acknowledgments:** We acknowledge the following contributions: Nobuko Nakajima was the patientreported outcomes manager. The authors wish to thank all the participants and doctors involved in this study.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
