2.3.4. Grammar

Two tests were used to assess grammar: the Norwegian versions of the Test for Reception of Grammar (TROG-R; [59,60]) and Grammatic Closure (Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities (ITPA; [61,62]). In the receptive test TROG-R, the examiner says a sentence, and the child is asked to point out the picture that corresponds best among four pictures. The maximum score was 80, and the internal consistency of the TROG was high across all 80 items (Cronbach's α = 0.85).

The Grammatic Closure test is an expressive subtest from the ITPA, where the child must answer grammatically correct nouns, verbs, adjectives, prepositions, and possessive pronouns. For example, if the child looked at a picture, and the examiner read a corresponding 'model' sentence: "Here is one bed. Here are two . . . ?", the child's task would be to finish the new sentence based on the 'model' sentence. The maximum score was 33, and the internal consistency of the Grammatic Closure was high across all 33 items (Cronbach's α = 0.72).
