*3.6. Endodontic Treatment Detection*

A convolutional neural network (CNN) system was employed by Fukuda et al. for detecting vertical root fractures (VRFs) in panoramic radiographies [19]. Three hundred images were used as an image dataset, of which 240 images were assigned to a training set and 60 images were assigned to a test set. This study constructed a CNN-based deep learning model using DetectNet with DIGITS version 5.0 (city and country), and obtained a recall of 0.75, a mean precision of 0.93 and a F measure of 0.83.

Deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) based in Keras were applied by Ekert et al. to detect apical lesions on panoramic dental radiographs [14]. A total of 85 images were employed, which obtained an AUC of 0.89 in molars and 0.85 in other teeth and a sensitivity of 0.74 and 0.65 in molars and other teeth.
