4.1.2. Urban and Built Up and Permanent Wetland Evolution

Urbanization is one of the factors that affect agricultural land. Therefore, it appears differently depending on the context and evolution of the population. In our study area, urbanization seems to be slow and occupies the space little by little. The dynamic attitude of urban and built-up turns around 0.28. Between 2009 and 2018, urban and built-up represent 2.80% and permanent wetland 1.30%.

Urban and built-up and permanent wetland are not significantly represented. Indeed, at the beginning of our study in 2009, urban and built-up represents an area of 172.49 km2 out of 34,964.36 km2, which corresponds to the total area of the study area. This area has evolved to reach 177.32 km<sup>2</sup> at the end of the study in 2018, including an increase of 2.80%. However, the inter-period results show an increase of 1.37% between 2009 and 2012. This value has changed slightly from 2012 to 2015 with an area of 0.32 km2, a decrease of about 1.05% less. For the last period, our research reflects an increase of 1.09%. In addition, between the first and the last period, urban and built-up grew by 0.28%.

In summary, urbanization has intensified in the second and last periods. The permanent wetland reflects an increase of 2.58% in the first period, 0.17% in the second period, that is to say, a difference 2.41%. This result continues to decrease, reaching −1.43% in the third period. Finally, between the first and the last period, this variable has decreased by about −1.15%.
