*3.2. Methodology*

The spatial data used in this study are obtained from NASA LPDAAC Collections-Modis Land Cover—MCD12Q1V6 (Earth Explorer USGS). However, due to their characteristics, pre-processing is necessary to have more clarity. Therefore, several steps have been taken. First, to optimize the quality of the images, the layers were re-projected according to the reference projection system of the study area, which is World Geodetic System (WGS)\_1984\_Complex\_UTM\_Zone\_28N (EPSG:31028). In addition, the strips were cut according to the size of the study area. To make the classified land cover images comparable, we resampled the images to 50 m, which is the common resolution for all images [68]. This resampling allows us to obtain common results between the processed images. Second, after this geometric correction, we used supervised classification to categorize the land

cover components used in our study. The land-use types are mainly classified into four categories: cropland, grassland, urban and built-up, and permanent wetland. Then, concerning the spatial analysis, four temporal remotely sensed images were selected for evolution and transition land use detection, namely, Modis Land Cover of USGS in 2009, 2012, 2015, and 2018. All four images, respectively, were used to examine the area's evolution and transition land-use dynamics. The area information was used as a basis for analyzing the quantitative change in land use. After the conversion of raster data to vector data, we had to use ArcGIS 10.6 platform to analyze the change pattern of cropland, grassland, urban and built-Up, and permanent wetland.
