**5. Conclusions**

The objective of this paper was to evaluate the performance (achievement) of the urban cadastral system of Ethiopia, using the case of Addis Ababa, based on the EFQM excellence model. The main idea behind the research is about cadastral information, which is a basis for property valuation, land-use planning, land tenure, and land development. Cadastral information offers accurate inventories of land parcels, provides a true and exact description of the legal situation of rights in land, provides a standardized database for management of public lands, serves as a basis for valuation and taxation, and serves as evidence of ownership for legal cases. Thus, the research benefits land administration stakeholders with these and other related land administration and management functions. This study was conducted based on an international performance evaluation model called EFQM. In this regard, the research is unique in that there is no study conducted in Addis Ababa using this type of evaluation framework/model. It is an empirical study on the urban cadastral system of Addis Ababa using primary data based on direct observation. Hence, it can serve as literature to the scientific community. The research will benefit the land administration and management stakeholders (governmental organizations, NGOs, private sector, etc.) to be aware of the experiences of the urban cadastral system of Addis Ababa. This, in turn, makes the stakeholders well informed in their decision making. Apart from that, some of the interviews with key informants were made through webinar, which may limit the study in getting in-depth information compared with physical presence with the interviewee. The findings showed that the urban cadastral system organization achieves an overall performance of 62.3% with major problems identified in the strategic plan, supply of resources, leadership skill, and the processes bureaucracy.

Policy implications: land administration and management proclamations, regulations, directives, and standards are issued by policy makers. Designing these laws needs well-informed decision makers. Decision makers within the domain of the land governance theme should be aware of what the reality on the ground looks like and about the achievements of the cadastral system organization for their financial planning. Hence, this research provides insights for policy makers in making well-informed decisions. In addition to this, we recommend that the responsible cadastral authorities need to pay serious attention to the enabler criteria (especially, the design of policy and strategy, quality of leadership, provision of resource and partnership, and the process), in order to improve the performance of urban cadastral system achievements.

Future works: this research has conducted the performance of the urban cadastral system organization in Addis Ababa using the EFQM Excellence model. Other scholars in the field may undertake studies using other evaluation frameworks apart from EFQM.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, S.D.C., W.T.d.V., P.D.-D., and G.B.S.; methodology S.D.C.; validation, S.D.C., W.T.d.V., P.D.-D., and G.B.S.; formal analysis, S.D.C.; investigation, S.D.C.; resources, S.D.C.; data curation, S.D.C.; writing—original draft preparation, S.D.C., W.T.d.V., P.D.-D., and G.B.S.; writing—review and editing S.D.C., W.T.d.V., P.D.-D., and G.B.S.; visualization, S.D.C.; supervision, W.T.d.V., P.D.-D., and G.B.S.; funding acquisition, P.D.-D. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research received external funding from DAAD, in the form of a Short Term Research Scholarship for In-Country/In region Scholarship holders, grant numer 57520399. The Article Processing Charges of this research were funded by the Technical University of Munich (TUM).

**Acknowledgments:** The authors would like to acknowledge the editor in chief and anonymous reviewers for their critical review and constructive comments in improving the paper. The authors would also like to thank the Technical University of Munich (TUM), DAAD, and the Institute of Land Administration (ILA) of Bahir Dar University (BDU) for providing supporting materials. Special thanks to Walter Dachaga for proofreading this paper.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
