*2.5. Methods and Theoretical Framework*

The research applied desk review and case study research methods. The desk review focuses on exploring and looking into existing literature on cadastral systems performance evaluation. Case study was used to get real-life situations and better understandings into the detailed actions of cadastral system.

The research has benchmarked Connel's [44] theory of change to guide the overall theoretical aspect of cadastral systems. Given that the origin of the theory of change lies in the field of monitoring and evaluation, it is an adequate framework for an urban cadastral system performance evaluation in order to determine how much of the intended result of a given intervention is achieved as a result. The EFQM Excellence model is used as an analytical tool to comprehensively measure and evaluate the performance of the urban cadastral system (see Figure 1). The intervention criterion evaluates what and how an organization does in response to the achievement that the organization aimed for.

The enabling interventions are leadership, strategy, people, resource and partnership, and process, which, when effectively implemented, aids the organization to achieve the intended result. For the sake of analysis, these enablers and results are independent and dependent variables, respectively, which can be quantified within the concept of cadastral systems. Each criterion has its own weight, which needs to be considered. The sum of all criteria accounts an overall weight of 100%.

Thus, the overall processes of the theory of change follow a cause–effect relationship as in the Logical model (a hypothesized description of the chain of causes and effects leading to an outcome of interest). It depicts the relationship between organizational activities and its intended effects. When evaluating an urban cadastral system, enablers such as policies and strategies, leadership, excellence of professional expertise, partnerships, and processes are benchmarked as enabling requirements, while organizational results (business results) are benchmarked as organizational achievements.
