**5. Conclusions**

This paper investigated the evolution of health risks with rapid urban expansion from a spatiotemporal perspective. The results help clarify the relationship between health risks and land-use change during the process of urbanization. Urban expansion, massive growth in industry, a rapid increase in population, and large-scale urban land expansion expose populations in polluted environments to environmental health risks. Our study confirmed that inner suburbs close to decommissioned industrial sites and outer suburbs close to industrial parks are generally high-risk areas in cities with industrial urbanization. Multifaceted changes, such as land use change, urban environment change, and residents' lifestyle change during urbanization process, may independently or synergistically affect health. More attentions on the influences of these factors and the dominant factor that influences health, and their regional differences are recommended in future studies. Accurate spatial assessment and pre-warning for health risks also deserve further investigation.

**Author Contributions:** C.Y. conceived and initiated the study, J.X. provided useful suggestions. D.Y. mainly undertook statistical analysis and manuscript writing. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This study was sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.41571138) and Natural Science Foundation of Henan (No. 202300410076), China.

**Data Availability Statement:** The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The raw data are not publicly available, except memberships.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

#### **References**

