*2.2. Multi-Source Data*

We gathered data on Changzhou from multiple sources: population mortality data, socioeconomic data, point-of-interest (POI) data, remote-sensing images, and high-resolution images. The population mortality data (from 2001 to 2015) and the socioeconomic data, including data on demographics, economy development, and pollution emissions, were obtained from the Changzhou Statistical Yearbook (from 1990 to 2015) on China National Knowledge Infrastructure (http://tongji.cnki.net/). The urbanization rate was calculated as the proportion of urban population in the total population. The POI data were obtained from Baidu Maps (http://map.baidu.com/). Given that thermal power, steel, cement, petrifaction, chemical engineering, non-ferrous smelting, textile, and paper-making are

high-polluting industries, the POI data for these industries were extracted. Remote-sensing images (Landsat TM and OLI\_TIRS) from 1995 and 2015 were downloaded from the Geospatial Data Cloud (http://www.gscloud.cn/). Data on cancer were gathered from published literature [32–37]. In addition, national and local authoritative media have reported massive environmental health events in Changzhou. A briefing on these data and their sources is presented in Table 1. Relevant information, such as the type and location of these events, was collected from the reports and verified through a field survey.

**Figure 1.** Study region (**a**) and its location in Jiangsu (**b**) and China (**c**).

**Table 1.** Data and sources.


Construction land in 1995 and 2015 was interpreted based on remote-sensing images, and the spatial distribution and time variation of the newly increased construction areas and enterprises could be examined by applying overlay analysis and point density analysis using ArcGIS software. Environmental health events with locations were mapped to show their spatial distribution.
