**5. Conclusions**

EVs and V2G chargers have attracted a lot of attention for being considered as part of the solution to increase the share of renewable energy in the electric grid. Since most the EVSE are expected to be at home, these systems are an important tool towards the building EMS to achieve near-zero energy buildings. Therefore, the study and verification of the proper behaviour of these elements can smooth the path to the energy transition.

This paper has presented the design, test and results of a power EV emulator with V2G capability. The ability to emulate a real V2G EV to handle fast charge/discharge with an EV charger, consuming only the losses of the complete system, has been validated experimentally. In addition, for small and medium enterprises which only want to test EVSE and do not need the flexibility of a PHIL test bench, it is more economically affordable due to not requiring a fast real-time simulator and a high bandwidth power amplifier.

Future tests will consist of increasing the implemented EVSE protocol to CCS, due to the importance of this standard in Europe. Moreover, testing the AFE of the EVSE under test using the PHIL technique, allows us to verify the complete system: grid and vehicle side. Furthermore, thanks to the recirculation power of the EVE during test, a low power amplifier could be used to emulate the grid behaviour during the PHIL test. In order to test the fast dynamics behaviour of the DC side of a V2G charger, the implementation of a real-time battery model could be done in the EVE. Another future work will be the development of an EVE to test EVSEs which work on a DC grid.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, E.G.-M., J.F.S.-O. and J.M.-C.-A.; methodology, E.G.- M., J.F.S.-O., J.M.-C.-A. and J.M.P.; software, E.G.-M. and J.M.P.; validation, E.G.-M.; investigation, E.G.-M., J.M.-C.-A. and J.M.P.; writing—original draft preparation, E.G.-M. and J.M.-C.-A.; writing— review and editing, E.G.-M., J.F.S.-O., J.M.-C.-A. and J.M.P.; visualization, E.G.-M. and J.M.-C.-A.; supervision, J.F.S.-O., J.M.-C.-A. and J.M.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Grant Agreement No 875683.

**Institutional Review Board Statement:** Not applicable.

**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.

**Data Availability Statement:** Not applicable.

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
