*2.1. Description of the Study Cases*

Super Typhoon Maria was a powerful tropical cyclone that affected Guam (the United States), the Ryukyu Islands (Japan), Taiwan and East China in early July 2018. Maria became a tropical storm and passed the Mariana Islands on July 4 and rapidly intensified the next day due to favorable environmental conditions. Maria reached its first peak intensity on 6 July, and a second stronger peak intensity with 1-min sustained winds of 270 km/h (equivalent to category 5 super typhoon status on the Saffir-Simpson scale) and a minimum pressure of 915 hPa was reached on 9 July. Maria finally made landfall over the Fujian Province, China, early on 11 July after crossing the Yaeyama Islands and passing the northern offshore waters of Taiwan on 10 July. Figure 1a demonstrates the track and arrival times of Super Typhoon Maria in 2018.

Super Typhoon Lekima originated from a tropical depression that was developed in the eastern Philippines on 30 July 2019. Lekima became a tropical storm and was named on 4 August. Under favorable environmental conditions, Lekima intensified and reached its peak with 1-min sustained winds of 250 km/h (equivalent to a category 4 super typhoon status on the Saffir-Simpson scale) and a minimum pressure of 925 hPa on 8 August. Lekima made landfall in the Zhejiang Province, China, on late 9 August and made its second landfall in the Shandong Province, China, on 11 August after moving across eastern China. The track and arrival times of Super Typhoon Lekima are illustrated in Figure 1b.

**Figure 1.** Tracks and arrival times of (**a**) Super Typhoon Maria in 2018 and (**b**) Lekima in 2019. The locations of wave buoys adopted in the present study are marked in cyan (Data source: Regional Specialized Meteorological Center (RSMC) Tokyo-Typhoon Center).
