**4. Results**

*4.1. Overview*

In order to examine smart city technologies, facilities and services in the two cities for the evaluation of the SEM, this study conducted a survey on statistically significant samples, and analyzed the results. As shown in Table 4, the target site encompassed four administrative districts within a 2-km radius, and all the respondents either resided or stayed in the area. The survey was conducted face-to-face by researchers from both countries.

**Table 4.** Overview of Descriptive Statistics of Respondents in Barcelona and Songdo (*n* = 408).


Reponses made by those who had experienced smart city TFS or were currently using them were chosen for analysis: In Barcelona, 211 out of a total 421 respondents were selected, and 197 out of 522 people were chosen in Songdo. The sampling error stood at ±6.74% (Barcelona, *n* = 211) and ±6.98% (Songdo, *n* = 197), at the 95 percent confidence level for 172,780 respondents each.

When asked if they know or have ever heard of a smart city, 73% of respondents (*n* = 421) in Barcelona (*n* = 437) and 84% (*n* = 309) of respondents in Songdo (*n* = 522) said that they have heard about a smart city, including such terms as digital city and ubiquitous city. However, the number of those who actually used the technologies, facilities and services installed or distributed in a smart city came far lower, at 211 (50%) and 197 (38%), respectively. Despite the low utilization rate of smart city infrastructures in overall terms, the survey showed that each respondent has used or currently uses an average of 5.27 TFSs in Barcelona and 4.12 in Songdo. The mean values for each variable collected according to the aforementioned survey are shown in the Table 5.


**Table 5.** Comparison of Mean Values by the Indicators (*n* = 408).

Looking into the details, people in Barcelona turned out to be nearly unaware of such non-exposure services as the city's comprehensive control centers, and energy and traffic management, despite the authorities' PR efforts. In the case of Area B, people do not know or utilize the real-time information on air and water quality and weather provided by websites or applications, as well as media boards that provide local news and information, and the safety management service for elderly citizens living alone, according to the survey. The results could have been caused by different types of TFS introduced in each city, their arrangement, PR campaigns, differences in local culture, and citizens' way of life. These factors also can create different results in different regions, even though the same or similar TFS are installed.
