*Limitations*

This study has several limitations. First, this was a retrospective study. Second, there were more female participants in the Japanese-specific health checkups in Kanazawa City, which could potentially have affected the results. This is because these health checkups were for housewives or unemployed persons instead of health checkups in their workplace. In Japan, a "regular" worker must undergo health checkups offered by their workplaces, instead of these specific health checkups. Actually, more males work regularly than females in Japan. Third, a diagnosis of AF in the health checkups depended on an ECG that was performed only once per year. Thus, we might have missed paroxysmal AF. Fourth, our definitions of eating habits and exercise were different from those of the American Heart Association's LS7. For eating habits, our definition focused on eating time and speed of eating. On the other hand, the American Heart Association's definition focused on the content of the diet. Fifth, this study assessed the participants' lifestyle at the inclusion cross-sectionally and thus did not address the effect of changes in CVH on incident AF during the follow-up period. Prospective studies with lifestyle interventions are needed to fully address this important issue in the future. Finally, this study did not assess the food composite in these health checkups. However, patterns of eating schedule have been shown to be associated with cardiovascular disease and stroke among the Japanese population [17]; thus, this element is employed in most of the health checkups in Japan. We believe that this factor can serve as a substitute for the food composite, at least among the Japanese population.

#### **5. Conclusions**

Ideal CVH is independently associated with a lower risk for incident AF, especially in the younger Japanese population (<75 years).

**Supplementary Materials:** The following are available online at https://www.mdpi.com/article/ 10.3390/nu13093201/s1. Figure S1: Histogram of age in this study. The horizontal axis shows the participants' ages, and the vertical axis shows the number of participants. The dashed line is drawn at age 75 years. The median age of this study was 72.0 years.

**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, T.N., Y.T., H.T., T.K., M.-a.K., and M.T.; methodology, Y.T. and H.T.; validation, Y.T., and H.T.; formal analysis, T.N., Y.T., and H.T.; investigation, T.N., Y.T., H.T., T.T., T.K., S.U., K.S., K.H., M.-a.K., A.H., and M.T.; resources, A.H.; data curation, A.H.; writing—original draft preparation, T.N., Y.T., H.T., T.T., T.K., S.U., K.S., K.H., M.-a.K., A.H., and M.T.; writing—review and editing, T.N., Y.T., H.T., T.T., T.K., S.U., K.S., K.H., M.-a.K., A.H., and M.T.; visualization, T.N., Y.T., H.T., T.T., T.K., S.U., K.S., K.H., M.-a.K., A.H., and M.T.; supervision, H.T. and M.T.; project administration, A.H. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

**Funding:** This research received no external funding.

**Institutional Review Board Statement:** The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Institutional Review Board (or Ethics Committee) of Kanazawa University (2019-223) and Kanazawa Medical Association (16000003).

**Informed Consent Statement:** Written informed consent has been obtained from the patients to publish this paper.

**Data Availability Statement:** The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author. The data are not publicly available due to our regulations.

**Acknowledgments:** We would like to express special thanks to Yoshitaka Sakikawa (staff of Kanazawa Medical Association).

**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.

### **References**

